BİR DIŞ AKTÖR OLARAK OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NUN ETİYOPYA POLİTİKASINA ETKİSİ (İMPARATOR TEWODROS’DAN KRAL V. IYASU’YA)

Etiyopya-Osmanlı Türk ilişkileri, 16. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla kadar Kızıldeniz, Mısır ve Sudan toprakları üzerinden ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasi yönden yürütülmüştür. Ortaçağ’da Etiyopya ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki siyasi ilişkiler, Türkler ve Portekizliler arasındaki rekabet ve Etiyopya'daki iç savaşlar nedeniyle hızla gelişmiştir. Fakat, 19. yüzyılın ortalarında Osmanlı Devleti ile Etiyopya arasındaki ilişkilerde gerginlik devam etmiştir. Örneğin, İmparator Tewodros ve İmparator Yohannes, Türk'ün Kızıldeniz'deki yayılışına Mısır üzerinden çare bulmaya çalışmıştır. Bu nedenle, Türkleri Kızıldeniz'den çıkarmak için sırasıyla Kraliçe Victoria ve Lord Granville'e 1862 ve 1872'de mektuplar göndermişlerdir. 1869'da Süveyş Kanalı'nın açılmasından sonra Kızıldeniz'deki siyasi koşullar değişmiş ve İngiltere, Mısır'ın bu bölgeye yayılmasını desteklemiştir. Böylece 16 Kasım 1875'te Etiyopya-Mısır Savaşı çıkmıştır. Ancak bölgedeki dengelerin oluşmasında Sultan Abdülhamit'in etkisi büyüktür. Böylece iki ülke arasındaki ilişkiler Kral II. Menelik ve Sultan II. Abdülhamit döneminde gelişmiştir. Kudüs'teki Deir El Sultan Manastırı aralarındaki meselelerden sadece biri olmuştur. Ayrıca, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun bölge ile önemli diplomatik temasları bulunmuştur. Örneğin, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Harar'daki konsolosu olan Mazhar Bey, Iyasu V. döneminde ilişkilerde aktif rol oynamıştır. Mazhar Bey, Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Iyasu V'yi İttifak güçlerinin müttefiki olmaya ikna etmiştir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 1860’dan 1916’ya kadar Etiyopya’daki siyaset üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Ayrıca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Etiyopya’nın iç ve dış siyasetinde rol oynamasını Etiyopya’nın tarihi üzerinden değerlendirmeyi de hedeflemektedir. Bu amaçla karşılaştırmalı tarihsel ve belge analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Makalede İstanbul ve Addis Ababa arşivlerinde bulunan döneme ait tarihsel kayıtlar, birincil el kaynak olarak sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Ethiopia, Ottoman Empire, Emperors Tewodros and Yohannes, Sultan Abdulhamid II, Kings Menelik II and Iyasu

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS AN EXTERNAL ACTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON POLITICS IN ETHIOPIA FROM EMPEROR TEWODROS TO KING IYASU V

The Ethiopian-Ottoman Turkish relations were carried out in economic, cultural and political aspects via the Red Sea, Egypt and Sudan territories from 16th century to 19th century. In the medieval period, this relationship between Ethiopia and the Ottoman Empire grew rapidly because of the rivalry between Turks and Portuguese as well as internal wars in Ethiopia. In the middle of the 19th century, tension in the relations between the Ottoman Empire and Ethiopia continued. For instance, Emperor Tewodros and Emperor Yohannes sought to remedy against Turk's increment in the Red Sea through Egypt. Therefore, they sent letters to Queen Victoria and Lord Granville to dismiss Turks from the Red Sea in 1862 and 1872 respectively. After the opening the Suez Canal in 1869, political conditions changed on the Red Sea. Britain supported Egyptian spread to this area. Thus, Ethiopian-Egyptian War broke out on 16 November 1875. However, Sultan Abdulhamit had an influence in the formation of the balances on the region. Hence, the relationship between the two countries improved during King Menelik II and Sultan Abdulhamid II. Deir El Sultan Monastery in Jerusalem was on the issue between them. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire had significant diplomatic contact with the region. For example, Mazhar Bey, who was consul of Ottoman Empire in Harar, played an active role in the relations during Iyasu V. Mazhar Bey persuaded Iyasu V to become an ally of the Central Powers during the First World War. The main objective of this research is to explore the Ottoman Empire’s influence on the politics in Ethiopia from 1860 to 1916. It was also aimed at assessing the role of the Ottoman Empire in Ethiopia’s external and internal politics through the history of Ethiopia. To this end, comparative historical and document analysis methods were employed. The historical records of the period available in the archives, in Istanbul and Addis Ababa, were used to collect primary data.

Keywords:

Ethiopia, Ottoman Empire, Emperors Tewodros and Yohannes, Sultan Abdulhamid II, Kings Menelik II and Iyasu V.,

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