Bitkilerinin Azot Beslenmesi: Toprak Azotu Karşısında Gübre Azotu
Yönetilmeyen ekosistemlerde, organik maddenin mineralizasyonu yoluyla salınan toprak azotu (N) bitkiler için N kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Tarım ekosistemlerinde, topraktan kaldırılan N' u telafi etmek için mineral gübreler veya organik gübreler uygulanmaktadır. N gübresinin uygun bir şekilde ve zamanında uygulanması, üretim maliyetlerini azaltmak, N gübresinin fazla kullanılması ve olası çevresel etkilerin azaltılması için önemlidir. 15N etiketli gübreler kullanılarak yapılmış çalışmalarla, bitki N içeriğinin büyük bir kısmının toprak azotundan geldiği ikna edici bir şekilde kanıtlanmıştır. Böylece, toprak N’u, bitkilerinin N ihtiyacının karşılanmasında hayati bir rol oynamakta ve uygulanan N’lu gübre, verimliliği belirlemektedir. Toprağın toplam N içeriğine kıyasla nispeten çok az olan alınabilir N havuzunun büyüklüğü, bitkinin yeterli N beslenmesini yada toprak- bitki sisteminden N kaybını belirler. Azotlu gübreleme ile doğrudan mevcut alınabilir N havuzuna katkıda bulunulması ve toprak organik madde havuzuna N ikame edilmesi, bitkinin N ihtiyacı ile toprak ve gübrenin N arzı arasındaki senkronizasyon ilkelerini izleyen alana özgü spesifik N yönetimi, yüksek azotlu gübre kullanım etkinliğine neden olabilir. Serin iklim tahıllarında alana özgü spesifik N yönetiminde, klorofil metre, yaprak renk şeması, optik sensörler veya hareketli bitki algılama sensörleri gibi aygıtların kullanılması sonucunda daha az azotlu gübre ile aynı verim değerleri elde edilmiş ancak N kullanım etkinliği artmış ve çevreye karışan N kayıplarının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Crop Plants: Soil Nitrogen Vis-À-Vis Fertilizer Nitrogen
In unmanaged ecosystems, soil nitrogen (N) released through mineralization of organic matter constitutes the source of N for the plants. In agro-ecosystems, N is applied additionally as mineral or organic fertilizers in order to compensate N which is removed with products. Adequate and timely application of fertilizer N as dictated that by contribution of soil N to crop production is important for minimizing production costs from overuse of N fertilizer and for reducing possible environmental impacts. Using 15N-labelled fertilizers, it has now been convincingly proved that majority of the plant N comes from the soil N. Thus, soil N plays a vital role in supplying N to crop plants and dictates the efficiency of applied fertilizer N. Size of available N pool, though relatively small as compared to total soil N, throughout the crop growth season determines whether crop gets adequate N nutrition or N is lost from the soil-plant system. As fertilizer N contributes directly to available N pool and by N substitution to the soil organic matter pool, N management at that point following the principles of synchrony between crop N need and application of N through soil and fertilizer N can lead to high fertilizer NUE (nitrogen use efficiency). Evaluation of site-based N management in cereals using gadgets like chlorophyll meter, leaf colour chart or optical sensors or OTG (on the go) crop sensing spreaders revealed that same yields can be achieved with less N fertilizer applied but with enhanced fertilizer NUE and diminished losses of N to the environment.
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