In Vitro Assessment of Milk Thistle Seeds as a Natural Anti-Aflatoxin B1

Milk thistle (MT) or Silybum marianum is a weed that grows in many parts of the world. Since centuries, its seeds are used as herbal remedies for many diseases. In this study, an in- vitro model was designed to mimic the temperature, pH, and the time of passage of seeds through the stomachs and the intestinal tracts of chickens to investigate the absorption capacity of MT seeds for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Forty-eight flasks, each containing 25 g of rice and 250 or 500 µg/kg AFB1 in the presence of 125, or 250 mg MT seeds were used in six treatments with two samples and four replicates, I) 250 µg/kg of rice contaminated with AFB1 as the control; II) 500 µg/kg AFB1 as a control; III) 125 mg MT seeds plus 250 µg/kg AFB1; IV) 125 mg MT seeds plus 500 µg/kg AFB1; V) 250 mg of MT seeds plus 250 µg/kg AFB1; VI) 250 mg MT seeds plus 500 µg/kg AFB1. A high proportion of milk thistle was bound by 250 µg/kg of AFB1 in treatment number V. The highest and lowest levels of AFB1, i.e., 331.64±9.57 µg/kg and 45.62±4.25 µg/kg, were determined in treatments II and V, respectively. The mechanism by which MT seeds diminish AFB1 is not fully understood. MT seeds are a rich source of fiber, and therefore, they may have a high capacity for binding to the aflatoxin. On the other hand, silymarin, a component of MT seeds, is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid that has antioxidant properties. Polyunsaturated fatty acids may also act as antioxidants, where by preventing the absorption or bioactivation of mycotoxins by enhancing their metabolism and excretion. It was concluded that the MT seeds were able to effectively diminish AFB1 in vitro.

Meryemana Dikeni Tohumlarının Doğal Anti-Aflatoksin B1 Olarak In Vitro Değerlendirmesi

Meryemana dikeni (MD) veya Silybum marianum, dünyanın pek çok yerinde yetişen yabani bir ottur. Tohumları birçok hastalıkta bitkisel ilaç olarak yüzyıllardır kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, meryemana dikeni tohumlarının aflatoksin B1’e (AFB1) yönelik emilme kapasitesini araştırmak için; sıcaklığı, pH değerini ve tohumların tavukların mide ve bağırsak yollarından geçiş süresini taklit edecek bir in vitro model tasarlanmıştır. 48 adet şişe; her biri 25 g pirinç, 125 veya 250 mg meryemana dikeni tohumu, 250 veya 500 μg/kg AFB1 içerecek şekilde, 2 örnekli 6 uygulama grubu ile 4 tekrarlı olarak kullanılmıştır. I) kontrol olarak AFB1 ile kontamine 250 ug/kg pirinç; II) kontrol olarak 500 μg/kg AFB1; III) 125 mg MD tohumuna ilaveten 250 ug/ kg AFB1; IV) 125 mg MD tohumuna ilaveten 500 μg/kg AFB1; V) 250 mg MD tohumuna ilaveten 250 μg/kg AFB1; VI) 250 mg MD tohumuna ilaveten 500 μg/kg AFB1. Meryemana dikeninin büyük bir kısmı, V. uygulama grubundaki 250 μg/kg AFB1 tarafından bağlanmıştır. En yüksek 331,64±9,57 μg/kg ve en düşük 45,62±4,25 μg/kg AFB1 seviyeleri, sırasıyla II. ve V. uygulamalarda belirlenmiştir. MD tohumlarının, AFB1 düzeyini azaltma mekanizması tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. MD tohumları zengin bir lif kaynağıdır ve bu nedenle, yüksek aflatoksin bağlama kapasitesine sahip olabilir. Bunun yanı sıra, MD tohumlarının bir bileşeni olan silymarin, antioksidan özelliklere sahip doğal bir polifenolik flavonoiddir. Çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri, mikotoksinlerin metabolizma ve atılımlarını arttırarak, emilimlerini veya biyolojik aktivasyonlarını önlediğinden, antioksidan olarak rol oynayabilmektedirler. MD tohumlarının in vitro olarak AFB1 düzeyini etkili bir şekilde azaltabildiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

___

Abascal, K., Yarnell, E., 2003. The many faces of Silybummarianum (milk thistle): part 2-clinical uses, safety, and types of preparations. Alternative & Complementary Therapies 9(5), 251-256. [CrossRef]

Abu-Rajouh, KS., 1996. A study of the nutritive value of milk thistle seeds SilybummarianumL. Gaerth Master Thesis, Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Aoudia, N., Callu, P., Grosjean, F., Larondelle, Y., 2009. Effectiveness of mycotoxin sequestration activity of micronized wheat fibres on distribution of ochratoxin A in plasma, liver and kidney of piglets fed a naturally contaminated diet. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47(7), 1485-1489. [CrossRef]

Association of Official Analytical Chemists., 1995. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Washington: AOAC.

Buchanan, RL., Lewis, DF., 1984. Regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: effect of glucose on activities of various glycolytic enzymes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 48(2), 306-310.

Christie, WW., Xianlin, H., 1982. Lipid analysis (Vol. 338). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Davis-Searles, PR., Nakanishi, Y., Kim, NC., Graf, TN., Oberlies, NH., Wani, MC., Wall, ME., Agarwal, R., Kroll, DJ., 2005. Milk thistle and prostate cancer: differential effects of pure flavonolignans from Silybummarianum on antiproliferative end points in human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Research 65(10), 4448-4457. [CrossRef]

Dorner, JW., Cole, RJ., Wicklow, DT., 1999. Aflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi. Journal of Food Protection 62(6), 650-656. [CrossRef]

Dvorska, JE., Surai, PF., 2001. Effect of T2-toxin, zeolite and mycosorb on antioxidant system on growing quails. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, 1452-1457. [CrossRef]

Dvorska, JE., Pappas, AC., Karadas, F., Speake, BK., Surai, PF., 2007. Protective effect of modified glucomannans and organic selenium against antioxidant depletion in the chicken liver due to T-2 toxin-contaminated feed consumption. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 145, 582-587. [CrossRef]

Fathi-Achachlouei, B., Azadmard-Damirchi, S., 2009. Milk thistle seed oil constituents from different varieties grown in Iran. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 86(7), 643-649. [CrossRef]

Haskard, CA., El-Nezami, HS., Kankaanpaa, PE., Salminen, S., Ahokas, JT., 2001. Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67(7), 3086-3091. [CrossRef]

Hassan El-Mallah, M., El-Shami, S., Hassanein, MM., 2003. Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybummarianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites 54(4), 397-402. [CrossRef]

Jadayil, SA.,Tukan, SK., Takruri, HR., 1999. Bioavailability of iron from four different local food plants in Jordan. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 54(4), 285-294. [CrossRef]

Kalemba, DAAK., Kunicka, A. 2003. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Current Medicinal Chemistry 10(10), 813- 829. [CrossRef]

Křen, V., Walterová, D. 2005. Silybin and silymarin-new effects and applications. Biomedical Papers 149(1), 29-41. [CrossRef]

Kvasnicka, F., Bıba, B., Sevcik, R., Voldrich, M., Kratka, J., 2003. Analysis of the active components of silymarin. Journal of Chromatography A 990(1), 239-245. [CrossRef]

Post-White, J; Ladas, EJ., Kelly, KM., 2007. Advances in the use of milk thistle (Silybummarianum). Integrative Cancer Therapies 6(2), 104-109. [CrossRef]

Rajabian, T., Rezazadeh, SH., FalahHosseini, H., 2008. Analysis of silymarin components in the seed extracts of some Milk Thistle ecotypes from Iran by HPLC. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (Sciences) 32(A2), 141-146.

Raju, MVLN., Devegowda, G., 2002. Esterified-glucomannan in broiler chicken diets-contaminated with aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin: Evaluation of its binding ability (in vitro) and efficacy as immunomodulator. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15(7), 1051-1056. [CrossRef]

Ramos, AJ., Hernandez, E., 1996. In vitroaflatoxin adsorption by means of a montmorillonitesilicate.A study of adsorption isotherms. Animal Feed Science and Technology 62(2), 263-269. [CrossRef]

Richard, D., Kefi, K., Barbe, U., Bausero, P., Visioli, F., 2008. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants. Pharmacological Research 57(6), 451-455. [CrossRef]

Sanchez-Machado, DI., Lopez-Hernandez, J., Paseiro-Losada, P., 2002. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of α-tocopherol in macroalgae. Journal of Chromatography A 976(1), 277-284. [CrossRef]

Santos, L., Marín, S., Sanchis, V., Ramos, AJ., 2011. In vitro effect of some fungicides on growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillusflavus isolated from Capsicum powder. Food Additives and Contaminants 28(1), 98-106. [CrossRef]

Shotwell, OL., Hesseltine, CW., Stubblefield, RD., Sorenson, WG., 1966. Production of aflatoxin on rice. Applied Microbiology 14(3), 425-428.

Singh, RP., Agarwal, R., 2002. Flavonoid antioxidant silymarin and skin cancer. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 4(4), 655-663. [CrossRef]

Smith, TK., 1980. Influence of dietary fiber, protein and zeolite on zearalenonetoxicosis in rats and swine. Journal of Animal Science 50(2), 278-285. [CrossRef]

Tedesco, D., Steidler, S., Galletti, S., Tameni, M., Sonzogni, O., Ravarotto, L., 2004. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83(11), 1839-1843. [CrossRef]

Williams, GM., Williams, CL., Weisburger, JH., 1999. Diet and cancer prevention: the fiber first diet. Toxicological Sciences 52(1), 72-86. [CrossRef]

Yunus, AW., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Bohm, J., 2011. Aflatoxin B1 in affecting broiler’s performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: A review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins 3(6), 566-590. [CrossRef]
Acta Veterinaria Eurasia-Cover
  • ISSN: 2618-639X
  • Başlangıç: 1975
  • Yayıncı: İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Bir Kedide Birbirlerine Bağlı Çeşitli Organ Sistemlerinin Bozulması Sonucunda Gelişen Perirenal Psöydokist Olgusu

Özge ERDOĞAN BAMAÇ, Utku BAKIREL, Sinem ÜLGEN SAKA

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves Raised with Cattle in Smallholder Farming System in the Northwest of Iran

Mousa TAVASSOLI, Bahram DALIR-NAGHADEH, Sima VALIPOUR, Mina MAGHSOUDLO

Perirenal Pseudocyst in Consequence of Disorders of Several Interdependent Organ Systems in a Cat

Sinem ÜLGEN SAKA, ÖZGE ERDOĞAN BAMAÇ, UTKU BAKIREL

Effect of Solvents on Phytoconstituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata Extracts on Listeria monocytogenes

Ibrahim ADESHINA, Adetola JENYO-ONI, Benjamin Obukowho EMIKPE, Emmanuel Kolawole AJANI

Amerikan Pit Bull Terrier bir Köpekte Calvarial Hiperosteozis Sendromu

Ebru ERAVCI YALIN, Yalçın DEVECİOĞLU, Alper DEMİRUTKU, Damla HAKTANIR, Aydın GÜREL

Solventlerin fitobileşenler ve Ocimum gratissimum ve Eugenia caryophyllata Ekstraktlarının Listeria monocytogenes’e Karşı Antimikrobial aktiviteleri Üzerine Etkileri

Ibrahim ADESHINA, Adetola JENYO-ONI, Benjamin Obukowho EMIKPE, Emmanuel Kolawole AJANI

Neutralizing Potential of Fab IgG Hybrid Antibody Against Dengue Virus (DENV-1,2,3,4) Expressed on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Fedik A. RANTAM, Rahaju ERNAWATI, Jola RAHMAHANI, Eryk HENDRIANTO, Helen SUSILOWATI, Rofiqul A’LA, Rizki Kriestya MAYASAR, Lia Nur AINI

Tendürek Müflon Populasyonunun Genetik Çeşitliliği

Balal SADEGHI

In Vitro Assessment of Milk Thistle Seeds as a Natural Anti-Aflatoxin B1

Omid FANI-MAKKI, Arash OMIDI, Hossein ANSARI-NIK, Seyed Ahmad HASHEMINEJAD

Meryemana Dikeni Tohumlarının Doğal Anti-Aflatoksin B1 Olarak In Vitro Değerlendirmesi

Omid FANI-MAKKI, Arash OMIDI, Hossein ANSARI-NIK, Seyed Ahmad HASHEMINEJAD