Syaefudin SUMINTO, Syahrul RAMADHAN, Uswatun HASANAH, Waras NURCHOLİS

Effects of Shading and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Physiology of Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. F.)

Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. F.) is a shrub used in herbal medicine, but knowledge of optimal cultivation methods for enhancing plant growth and metabolite yield is limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of shading and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth, photosynthetic parameters, and total sugar content of gandarusa. A split-plot experimental design was used with shading (S) (0% (S0), 25% (S25), and 50% (S50)) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer (N) (0 (N0), 90 (N90), 180 (N180), and 270 (N270) kg ha-1) as the subplots. The results showed that the combination of S0 and N270 was the most effective treatment for plant growth, indicated by the highest values of plant height and the number of leaves and branches. It also yielded high sugar content, with a value range of 72-76 mg g-1 leaves wet weight. The combination of S0 and N0 produced the highest photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the plant at 23.91 mol CO2 m-2 s-1, and total chlorophyll content was highest with S25 and N270. Based on the results, shading decreased Pn, sugar production, and growth of gandarusa, while nitrogen fertilizer enhanced them. However, there was no interaction between shading and fertilizer on sugar production and growth of gandarusa, except for Pn.

Keywords:

Chlorophyll Justicia gendarussa, Nitrogen fertilizer, Shading, Sugar leaves,

PDF

___

Adelina, R. (2020). Simulasi docking molekuler senyawa potensial tanaman Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. sebagai antidiabetes. Bulletin of Health Research, 48(2), 117-122. doi: 10.22435/bpk.v48i2.3139.
Arevalo-Gardini, E., Farfan, A., Barraza, F., Arevalo-Hernandez, C. O., Zuniga-Cernades, L. B., Alegre, J., & Baligar, V.C. (2021). Growth, physiological, nutrient-uptake-efficiency and shade-tolerance responses of cacao genotypes under different shades. Agronomy, 11(8), 1-22. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11081536.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1-15. doi:10.1104%2Fpp.24.1.1.
Braun, H., Fontes, P. C. R., da Silva, T. P., Finger, F. L., Cecon, P. R., & Farreira, A. P. S. (2016). Carbohydrates concentration in leaves of potato plants affected by nitrogen fertilization rates. Revista Ceres, 63(2), 241-248. doi:10.1590/0034-737X201663020016.
Chang, T. G., & Zhu, X.G. (2017). Source–sink interaction: a century old concept under the light of modern molecular systems biology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(16), 4417-4431. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erx002.
Chen, J., Wu, S., Dong, F., Li, J., Zeng, L., Tang, J. & Gu, D. (2021). Mechanism underlying the shading induced chlorophyll accumulation in tea leaves. Frontier in Plant Science, 12, 779819. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.779819.
Fan, Y., Chen, J., Cheng, Y., Raza, M. A., Wu, X., Wang, Z., Liu, Q., Wang, R., Wang, X., Yong, T., Liu, W., Liu, J., Du, J., Shu, K., Yang, W., & Yang, F. (2018). Effect of shading and light recovery on the growth, leaf structure, and photosynthetic performance of soybean in a maizesoybean relay-strip intercropping system. PLoSONE, 13(5), e0198159. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198159.
Hesturini, R. J., Herowati, R., & Widodo, G. P. (2017). Uji aktivitas analgetika fraksi-fraksi ekstrak etanol daun gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f) dengan metode tail flick. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 15(1), 13-17. https://oasis.iik.ac.id:9443/repo/items/show/5545. Access date: 10.09.2022.
Ibrahim, I. A. E., Yehia, W. M. B., Saleh, F. H., Lamlom, S. F., Ghareeb, R. Y., El-Banna, A. A. A., & Abdelsalam, N. R. (2022). Impact of plant spacing and nitrogen rates on growth characteristics and yield attributes of Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 916734. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.916734.
Juhaeti, T., Adisyahputra, A., Hidayati, N., & Florina, R. (2021). Evaluation on foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) responses to different light intensities and fertilizations. Berita Biologi Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, 21(3), 313-324. doi:10.14203/beritabiologi.v21i3.4233.
Kano, Y., Nakagawa, H., Sekine, M., Goto, H., & Sugiura, A. (2007). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on cell size and sugar accumulation in the leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Hortscience, 42(6), 1490-1492. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.6.1490.
Kavitha, K., Sangeetha, K. S. S., Sujath, K., & Umamaheswari, S. (2014). Phytochemical and pharmalogical profile of Justicia gendarussa Burm. F. - Review. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 8(7), 990-997. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sridevi-Sangeetha/publication/280385739_Phytochemical_and_Pharmacological_Profile_of_Justicia_gendarussa_Burm_f_-_Review/links/55b3d07308ae092e9653b1bd/Phytochemical-and-Pharmacological-Profile-of-Justicia-gendarussa-Burm-f-Review.pdf. Access date: 10.09.2022.
Khalid, M. H. B., Raza, M. A., Yu, H. Q., Sun, F. A., Zhang, Y. Y., Lu, F. Z., Si, L., Iqbal, N., Khan, I., Fu, F. L., & Li., W. C. (2019). Effect of shade treatments on morphology, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2), 2551-2569. doi:10.15666/aeer/1702_25512569.
Kirschbaum, M. U. F. (2011). Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? lessons learned from CO2 enrichment studies. Plant Physiology, 155(1), 117-124. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.166819.
Lu, D., Liu, B., Ren, M., Wu, C., Ma, J., & Shen, Y. (2021). Light deficiency inhibits growth by affecting photosynthesis efficiency as well as JA and ethylene signaling in endangered plant Magnolia sinostellata. Plants, 10(11), 1-21. doi: 10.3390/plants10112261.
Ma, T., Chen, K., He, P., Dai, Y., Yin, Y., Peng, S., Ding, J., Yu, S., & Huang, J. (2022). Sunflower photosynthetic characteristics, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency under different soil salinity and nitrogen applications. Water, 14, 982. doi: 10.3390/w14060982.
Manjarrez-Sanchez, J. M., & Martinez-Carrillo, G. (2020). Dataset of photosynthesis and photosynthetic factors measurements of greenhouse tomato. Data Brief, 32(10), 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106274.
Masabni, J., Sun, Y., Niu, G., & Valle, P. D. (2016). Shade effect on growth and productivity of tomato and chili pepper. Horttechnology, 26(3), 344-351. doi: 10.21273/HORTTECH.26.3.344.
Moo-Young, M. (2011). Comprehensive Biotechnology (2nd Ed.). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Nirmalraj, S., Ravikumar, M., Mahendrakumar, M., Bharath, B., & Perinbam, K. (2015). Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. leaves. Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(2), 70-74. doi:10.3923/jps.2015.70.74.
Pandey, S. 2018. Physiological and biochemical changes associated with the development of brown spot diseases in rice leaves. International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology, 5(4), 69-78. https://ijaast.com/publications/vol5issue4/V5I408.pdf. Access date: 10.09.2022.
Parry, C., Blonquist, J. M., & Bugbee, B. (2014). In situ measurement of leaf chlorophyll concentration: analysis of the optical/absolute relationship. Plant, Cell, & Environment, 37(11), 2508–2520. doi: 10.1111/pce.12324.
Raai, M. N., Zain, N. A. M., Osman, N., Rejab, N. A., Sahruzaini, N. A., & Cheng, A. (2020). Effects of shading on the growth, development and yield of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Ciencia Rural, 50(2), e20190570. doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190570.
Rahmah, N. N., Rafi, M., Syukur, M., & Nurcholis, W. (2021). Influence of combined NPK and manure on improving growth, photosynthetic characteristic and yield of Justicia gendarussa Burm. F.. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(11), 1162-1168. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.1162.1168.
Ratih, G. A. M., Imawati, M. F., Nugroho, R. R., Purwanti, D. I., Wongso, S., Prajogo, B., & Indrayanto, G. (2019). Phytochemicals of gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa) and its preparations. Natural Product Communications, 2019, 1-10. doi:10.1177/1934578X19851406.
Saparso, Kartini, & Apriliyanto, I. D. (2020). Growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) Lokananta in various doses of nitrogen fertilizers and number of plant per hole in coastal sandy land. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 653, 012145. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/653/1/012145.
Semchenko, M., Lepik, M., Gotzenberger, L., & Zobel, K. (2012). Positive effect of shade on plant growth: Amelioration of stress or active regulation of grown rate? Journal of Ecology, 100(2), 459-466. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01936.x.
Subbiah, V. A., Mani, J., & Muniraj, S. (2021). Cytotoxicity activity of kidney cell line (PK-15) using ethanol extract of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f leaves. International Journal of Botany Studies, 6(3), 299-302. https://www.botanyjournals.com/download/1317/6-3-39-670.pdf. Access date: 09.09.2022.
Tanko, U. M., Momoh, & Yusuf, J. (2015). Influence of N-fertilizer application on the yield and yield components of two varieties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Anyigba, Kogi State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(17), 201-210. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/25651/26519. Access date: 10.09.2022.
Tian, G., Qi, D., Zhu, J., & Xu, Y. (2020). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and water logging on leaf physiological characteristics and grain yield of maize. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 67(7), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/03650340.2020.1791830.
Vargas, M., Glaz, B., Alvarado, G., Pietragalla, J., Morgounov, A., Zelenskiy, Y., & Crossa, J. (2015). Analysis and interpretation of interactions in agricultural research. Agronomy, 107(2), 748-762. doi: 10.2134/agronj13.0405.
Wang, J., Shi, K., Lu, W., & Lu, D. (2020). Post-silking shading stress affects leaf nitrogen metabolism of spring maize in Southern China. Plants, 9(210), 1-15. doi: 10.3390/plants9020210.
Widodo, A., Khumaidi, A., & Lasongke, P. F. A. (2019). Toksisitas ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak air dari daun jotang kuda (Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn.), daun gandarusa (Justicia Gendarussa Burm.F.), dan daun pulutan (Urena lobata L.) dengan brine shrimp lethality test. Galenika Journal of Pharmacy, 5(2), 198-205. doi: 10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13935.
Xu, G., Fan, X., & Miller., A. J. (2012). Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 63, 153–182. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105532.
Yasoda, P. G. C., Pradheeban, L., Nishanthan, K., & Sivachandiran, S. (2018). Effect of different shade levels on growth and yield performances of cauliflower. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(3), 948-956. doi:10.22161/ijeab/3.3.30.
Zhang, J., Liu, J., Yang, C., Du, S., & Yang, W. (2016). Photosynthetic performance of soybean plants to water deficit under high and low light intensity. South African Journal of Botany, 105(1), 279-287. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2016.04.011.
Zhang, L., Sun, S., Liang, Y., Li, B., Ma, S., Wang, Z., Ma, B., & Li, M. (2021). Nitrogen levels regulate sugar metabolism and transport in the shoot tips of crabapple plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 626149. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.626149.
Zhu, K., Wang, A., Wu, J., Yuan, F., Guan, D., Jin, C., Zhang, Y., & Gong, C. (2020). Efects of nitrogen additions on mesophyll and stomatal conductance in Manchurian ash and Mongolian oak. Science Reports, 10, 10038. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66886-x.