Moralli Deresi Sisteminin Akarsu-Göl Çökellerindeki Ağır Metallerin Ekolojik ve Çevresel Risk Değerlendirmesi, Tuşba, Van, Türkiye

Öz: Bu çalışmada, Van Gölü doğusunda yer alan Moralli Deresi sistemi akarsu-göl tortullarındaki ağır metallerin alansal değişkenliği, kirlilik düzeyi ve kirlilik kaynaklarının kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesi ile ağır metal konsantrasyonu-tortul tane boyu arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi için ICP-OES (iCAP6300 Duo Thermo) cihazıyla jeokimyasal analiz yapılmıştır. Elde edilen jeokimyasal veriler kullanılarak hesaplanan kirlilik indisleri Se ve Zn ağır metalleri için “çok yüksek düzeyde kirlenme”, Ni ağır metali için “orta-şiddetli düzeyde kirlenme” ve diğer ağır metaller için “düşük düzeyde kirlenme” olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapılan jeokimyasal ve sedimanter analizler, tortul tane boyu ve ağır metal konsantrasyonu arasında ters orantılı ve doğrusal olmayan bir ilişkinin varlığını ve bu sonucun antropojenik etkilerden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Moralli deresi sistemi, Akarsu-göl tortulları, Ağır metal kirliliği

Ecological and Environmental Risk Assesment of Heavy Metals in Fluvio-Lacustrine Sediments of the Moralli Stream System, Tuşba, Van, Turkey

This study aimed to determine the relationship between heavy metal concentration and sediment particle size, with a comprehensive evaluation of the spatial variability, contamination level, and source of heavy metal contamination in the fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Moralli Stream system, which is located in the east of Van Lake. In order to determine the heavy metal concentrations, geochemical analysis was performed with the ICP-OES (iCAP6300 Duo Thermo)device. The contamination indices, which were calculated by using the obtained geochemical data, showed “very high contamination” for Se and Zn heavy metals, “moderate-severe contamination” for Ni heavy metals and “low contamination” for other heavy metals. Geochemical and sedimentary analyses show an inversely proportional and non-linear relationship between sediment grain size and heavy metal concentration, which is due to anthropogenic effects.

Keywords:

Moralli stream system, Fluvio-lacustrine sediments, Heavy metal contamination,

PDF

___

Akbulut, S. (2013). Giresun sahillerindeki bazı derelerin denize deşarj olduğu noktalardaki su ve sedimentte ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Giresun Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Giresun, Türkiye.
Ali, M. M., Ali, M. L., Islam, M. S., & Rahman, M. Z. (2016). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 5, 27-35.
Barona, A., Aranguiz, I., & Elias, A. (1999). Assessment of metal extraction, distribution and contamination in surface soils by a 3-step sequential extraction procedure. Chemosphere, 39(11), 1911-1922.
Bentum, J. K., Anang, M., Boadu, K. O., Koranteng-Addo, E. J., & Antwi, E. O. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals pollution of sediments from Fosu lagoon in Ghana. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 25(2).
Bettinetti, R., Giarei, C., & Provini, A. (2003). Chemical analysis and sediment toxicity bioassays to assess the contamination of the River Lambro (Northern Italy). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45(1), 0072-0078.
El-Bouraie, M. M., El-Barbary, A. A., Yehia, M. M., & Motawea, E. A. (2010). Heavy metal concentrations in surface river water and bed sediments at Nile Delta in Egypt. Suo, 61(1), 1-12.
Boszke, L., Sobczynski, T. and Kowalski, A. (2004). Distribution of mercury and other heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Middle Odra river (Germany/Poland). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13(5), 495-502.
Bouchez, J., Gaillardet, J., France‐Lanord, C., Maurice, L., & Dutra‐Maia, P. (2011). Grain size control of river suspended sediment geochemistry: Clues from Amazon River depth profiles. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12(3).
Brady, N. C. (1984). The Nature and Properties of Soils. New York, USA: Macmillan.
Cabral Pinto, M. M. S., Ferreira da Silva, E. A. (2019). Heavy Metals of Santiago Island (Cape Verde) Alluvial Deposits: Baseline Value Maps and Human Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Resources and Public Health, 16, 2.
Casas, J. M., Rosas, H., Solé, M., & Lao, C. (2003). Heavy metals and metalloids in sediments from the Llobregat basin, Spain. Environmental Geology, 44(3), 325-332.
Chabukdhara, M., & Nema, A. K. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: a chemometric and geochemical approach. Chemosphere, 87(8), 945-953.
Chao, T. T. (1984). Use of partial dissolution techniques in geochemical exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 20(2), 101-135.
Çevik, F., Göksu, M. Z. L., Derici, O. B., & Fındık, Ö. (2009). An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 152(1), 309-317.
Dassenakis, M., Scoullos, M., & Gaitis, A. (1997). Trace metals transport and behaviour in the Mediterranean estuary of Acheloos River. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34(2), 103-111.
Duodu, G. O., Goonetilleke, A., & Ayoko, G. A. (2016). Comparison of pollution indices for the assessment of heavy metal in Brisbane River sediment. Environmental Pollution, 219, 1077-1091.
Ferreira, C. S., Walsh, R. P., & Ferreira, A. J. (2018). Degradation in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 5, 19-25.
Filgueiras, A. V., Lavilla, I., & Bendicho, C. (2004). Evaluation of distribution, mobility and binding behaviour of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Louro River (Galicia, Spain) using chemometric analysis: a case study. Science of the Total Environment, 330(1-3), 115-129.
Ghrefat, H. A., Abu-Rukah, Y., & Rosen, M. A. (2011). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Kafrain Dam, Jordan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178(1), 95-109.
Goher, M. E., Ali, M. H., & El-Sayed, S. M. (2019). Heavy metals contents in Nasser Lake and the Nile River, Egypt: An overview. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45, 301–312.
Goher, M. E., Mangood, A. H., Mousa, I. E., Salem, S. G., & Hussein, M. M. (2021). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in sediments of Nile River, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(11), 1-16.
Gonzalez, A. E., Rodriguez, M. T., Sanchez, J. C. J., Espinosa, A. J. F., De la Rosa, F. J. B. (2000). Assessment of metals in sediments in a tributary of Guadalquivir river (Spain), heavy metal partitioning and relation between the water and the sediment system. Water, Air Soil Pollution, 121, 11–29.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Resources, 14, 975-1001.
Han, D., Cheng, J., Hu, X., Jiang, Z., Mo, L., Xu, H., & Wang, H. (2017). Spatial distribution, risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 141-148.
Horowitz, A. J., & Elrick, K. A. (1987). The relation of stream sediment surface area, grain size and composition to trace element chemistry. Applied Geochemistry, 2(4), 437-451.
Huang, K. M., & Lin, S. (2003). Consequences and implication of heavy metal spatial variations in sediments of the Keelung River drainage basin, Taiwan. Chemosphere, 53(9), 1113-1121.
Jain, C. K., Gupta, H., & Chakrapani, G. J. (2008). Enrichment and fractionation of heavy metals in bed sediments of River Narmada, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 141, 35–47.
Kaushik, A., Kansal, A., Kumari, S., & Kaushik, C. P. (2009). Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1), 265-270.
Kördel, W., Dassenakis, M., Lintelmann, J., & Padberg, S. (1997). The importance of natural organic material for environmental processes in waters and soils (Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 69(7), 1571-1600.
Krishna, A. K., & Mohan, K. R. (2016). Distribution, correlation, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), 411.
Laidlaw, M. A. S., & Taylor, M. P. (2011). Potential for childhood lead poisoning in the inner cities of Australia due to exposure to lead in soil dust. Environmental Pollution, 159(1), 1–9.
Li, Y. H., Burkhardt, L., O'Hara, P., & Santschi, P. H. (1984). Partition of radiotracers between suspended particles and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 2011-2019.
Li, F., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Yuan, X., Li, X., Liang, J., Wang, X., Tang, X., & Bai, B. (2013). Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 132, 75-83.
Maanan, M., Saddik, M., Maanan, M., Chaibi, M., Assobhei, O., & Zourarah, B. (2015). Environmental and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Nador lagoon, Morocco. Ecological Indicators, 48, 616-626.
Malvandi, H. (2017). Preliminary evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the Zarrin-Gol River sediments, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(1-2), 547-553.
Miranda, L. S., Wijesiri, B., Ayoko, G. A., Egodawatta, P., & Goonetilleke, A. (2021). Water-sediment interactions and mobility of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Water Research, 202, 117-386.
Morris, A. W., Bale, A. J., & Howland, R. J. M. (1982). Chemical variability in the Tamar Estuary, south-west England. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 14(6), 649-661.
Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal, 2, 108-118.
Okoro, H. K., Ige, J. O., Iyiola, O. A., & Ngila, J. C. (2017). Fractionation profile, mobility patterns and correlations of heavy metals in estuary sediments from olonkoro river, in tede catchment of western region, Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 8, 53-62.
Özkan, Ö. (2016). Ankara çayı dere yatağı çökellerinin jeokimyasal, izotopik özellikleri ve ağır metal içeriği. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane, Türkiye.
Pejman, A., Bidhendi, G. N., Ardestani, M., Saeedi, M., & Baghvand, A. (2017). Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments and assessment of their availability risk: A case study in the northwestern of Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114(2), 881-887.
Rabee, A. M., Al-Fatlawy, Y. F., & Nameer, M. (2011). Using Pollution Load Index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I-Geo) for the assessment of heavy metals pollution in Tigris river sediment in Baghdad Region. Al-Nahrain. Journal of Science, 14(4), 108-114.
Sakan, S. M., Đorđević, D. S., Manojlović, D. D., & Predrag, P. S. (2009). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11), 3382-3390.
Salah, E. A. M., Zaidan, T. A., & Al-Rawi, A. S. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Euphrates River, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4(12), 1009.
Saloman, W. N., Rooij, H., & Bril, J. (1987). Sediments as a source for contaminants. Hydrobiologia, 149, 13-30.
Salomons, W., & Stigliani, W. M. (Eds.) (1995). Biogeodynamics of Pollutants in Soils and Sediments: Risk Assessment of Delayed and Non-Linear Responses. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Sinha, S., Singh, V. K., & Murthy, R. C. (2005). Estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in sediments of Gomti River (India) using principal component analysis. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 166(1), 321-341.
Soares, H. M. V. M., Boaventura, R. A. R., Machado, A. A. S. C., & Da Silva, J. E. (1999). Sediments as monitors of heavy metal contamination in the Ave river basin (Portugal): multivariate analysis of data. Environmental Pollution, 105(3), 311-323.
Sodango, T. H., Li, X., Sha, J., Shang, J., & Bao, Z. (2021). Sources, Spatial Distribution and Extent of Heavy Metals in Relation to Land Use, Lithology and Landform in Fuzhou City, China. Minerals, 11(12), 1325.
Soliman, N. F., Nasr, S. M., & Okbah, M. A. (2015). Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 13(1), 1-12.
Sümengen, M. (2008). 1/100000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji haritaları, Van K50 Paftası. MTA Arşivi No:65, 18 s (yayımlanmamış).
Şen, G. (2015). Moralli Deresinin (Tuşba, Van) ve çevresinin sedimantolojik, mineralojik ve jeokimyasal özelliklerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van, Türkiye.
Şenel, M., Acarlar, M., Çakmakoğlu, A., Dağer, Z., Erkanol, O., Örence, S., Taşkıran, M. A., Ulu, Ü., Ünal, M. F., & Yıldırım, H. (1984). Özalp (Van)-İran sınırı arasındaki alanın jeolojisi: MTA Rapor No: 7623, 18 s (yayımlanmamış).
Tam, N. F. Y., & Wong, Y. S. (2000). Spatial variation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hong Kong mangrove swamps. Environmental Pollution, 110(2), 195-205.
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R., & Jeffney, D.W. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgolander Meeresunters, 33, 566-572.
Turekian, K. K., & Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72(2), 175-192.
White, K. D., & Tittlebaum, M. E. (1985). Metal distribution and contamination in sediments. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 111(2), 161-175.
Woitke, P., Wellmitz, J., Helm, D., Kube, P., Lepom, P., & Litheraty, P. (2003). Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids and sediments of the river Danube. Chemosphere, 51(8), 633-642.
Varol, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355-364.
Vinha G. Silva M. M., Cabral Pinto M., Dinis P. A., Mandavela L. (2019). Geochemistry of Urban Soil in the Fast-Growing Kuito City (Angola). In D. Doronzo, E. Schingaro, J. Armstrong-Altrin, B. Zoheir (eds), Petrogenesis and Exploration of the Earth’s Interior. Switzerland: Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01575-6_32
Vu, C. T., Lin, C., Shern, C. C., Yeh, G., & Tran, H. T. (2017). Contamination, ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in sediments and water of a contaminated river in Taiwan. Ecological Indicators, 82, 32-42.
Yıldız, N., & Yener, G. (2010). Van Gölü'nde sediment birikim hızı, radyoaktif ve ağır metal kirliliğinin tarihlemesi. Ekoloji, 19(77), 80-87.
Yu, H., Ni, S. J., He, Z. W., Zhang, C. J., Nan, X., Kong, B., & Weng, Z. Y. (2014). Analysis of the spatial relationship between heavy metals in soil and human activities based on landscape geochemical interpretation. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 146, 136–148.
Yuan, G. L., Sun, T. H., Han, P., Li, J., & Lang, X. X. (2014). Source identification and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in topsoil using environmental geochemical mapping: typical urban renewal area in Beijing, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 136, 40-47.
Zhang, W., Feng, H., Chang, J., Qu, J., Xie, H., & Yu, L. (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: an assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157(5), 1533-1543.
Zhang, J., & Gao, X. (2015). Heavy metals in surface sediments of the intertidal Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China: distributions, sources and contamination assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 98(1-2), 320-327.
Zhao, C., Li, K., Peng, M., Qin, A., & Cheng, X. (2014). Overview of trace metals in the urban soil of 31 metropolises in China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 139, 31–52.