Turizmin Gelir Eşitsizliğine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Bu çalışmanın amacı turizm ve gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişkiyi Türkiye için araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla Hatemi-J (2008)’nin yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme testi ile Hacker ve Hatemi-J (2006) bootstrap nedensellik testi kullanılmış ve 1988-2018 dönemi analiz edilmiştir. Eşbütünleşme testinden elde edilen bulgulara göre, turizm ve gelir eşitsizliği arasında uzun dönem ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Nedensellik testi sonuçları ise, turizm ve gelir eşitsizliği arasında nedensellik ilişkisi olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’de turizm sektörünün gelişmesi gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde bir etkiye sahip değildir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Turizm, Gelir Eşitsizliği, Eşbütünleşme, NedensellikJEL Sınıflandırması: Z30, Z32, I30

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Turizm, gelir eşitsizliği, eşbütünleşme, nedensellik

The Impact of Tourism on Income Inequality: Evidence from Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between tourism and income inequality in Turkey. To this aim, the data from 1988 through 2018 are analyzed by employing cointegration test with structural breaks of Hatemi-J (2008) and bootstrap causality test of Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006). According to the results of cointegration test, there is no long run relationship between tourism and income equality. The results of the causality test indicates that there isn’t any causality between tourism and income equality. According to emprical findings, development of tourism sector does not have an impact on income inequality in Turkey.Key Words:Tourism, Income Inequality, Cointegration, CausalityJEL Classification: Z30, Z32, I30

Keywords:

Tourism, Income Inequality, Cointegration, Causality,

PDF

___

Alam, M. S. and Paramati, S.R. (2016). The Impact of Tourism on Income Inequality in Developing Economies: Does Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Exist?. Annals of Tourism Research, 61(2016), 111–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.008
Archer, B.and Fletcher, J. (1996). The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Seychelles. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 32-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00041-0
Blake, A., Arbache, J., Sinclair, M. T. and Teles, V. (2008). Tourism and Poverty Relief. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.013
Chi, J. (2020). Revisiting the Tourism-Inequality Nexus: Evidence from a Panel of Developed and Developing Economies. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(6), 755-767. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1743243
Çımat, A. ve Bahar, O. (2003). Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 3(6), 1-18.
Fauzel, S. (2020). FDI and Tourism Futures: A Dynamic Investigation for A Panel of Small Island Economies. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-05-2018-0026
Göçer, İ., Mercan, M. ve Peker, O. (2013). Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 0(18), 1-17.
Gündüz, L. and Hatemi-J, A. (2005). Is The Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?. Applied Economics Letters, 12(8), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500109865
Hacker, R. S. and Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for Causality Between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic and Bootstrap Distributions:Theory and Application. Applied Economics,38(13), 1489-1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763
Hatemi-J, A.; (2008). Tests for Cointegration with Two Unknown Regime Shifts With an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics, 35 (3), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0175-9
Incera, A.C. and Fernandez, M.(2015). Tourism and Income Distribution: Evidence from A Developed Regional Economy. Tourism Management, 48 (2015), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.016
Katircioglu, S. T. (2009). Revisiting The Tourism-Led-Growth Hypothesis for Turkey Using the Bounds Test and Johansen Approach for Cointegration. Tourism Management, 30(1),17– 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.004
Katircioglu, S., Katircioglu, S. and Altun, Ö. (2018). The Moderating Role of Oil Price Changes in the Effects of Service Trade and Tourism on Growth: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 35266–35275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018- 3448-2
Kinyondo, A. and Pelizzo, R. (2015). Tourism, Development and Inequality: The Case of Tanzania. Poverty and Public Policy, 7(1),64–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.92
Kozak, N. , Akoğlan, M. ve Kozak, M.(1997). Genel Turizm. Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. Kuznets, S.(1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review, 45(1),1- 28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
Lee J. and Strazicich M. C. (2013). Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2483-2492.
Li, H., Chen, J., Li, G.and Goh, C. (2016). Tourism and Regional Income Inequality: Evidence from China. Annals of Tourism Research, 58(2016), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.02.001
Llorca-Rodríguez, C.M., García-Fernández, R.M. and Casas-Jurado, A.C.(2020). Domestic Versus Inbound Tourismin Poverty Reduction: Evidence from Panel Data. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(2), 197-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1494701
Mahadevan, R., Amir, H. and Nugroho, A.(2017). How Pro-Poor and Income Equitable Are Tourism Taxation Policies in A Developing Country? Evidence from A Computable General Equilibrium Model. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3),334–346. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287516641781
Mahadevan, R. and Suardi, S. (2019). Panel Evidence on the Impact of Tourism Growth on Poverty, Poverty Gap and Income Inequality. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(3), 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1375901
Meyer, D. (2007). Pro-Poor Tourism: From Leakages to Linkages: A Conceptual Framework for Creating Linkages Between The Accommodation Sector and ‘Poor’ Neighbouring Communities. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(6), 558–583. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit313.0
Muchapondwa, E. and Stage, J. (2013). The Economic Impacts of Tourism in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa: Is Poverty Subsiding?. Natural Resources Forum, 37(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12007
Ongan, S. and Demiröz, D. M. (2005).The Contribution of Tourism to The Long-Run Turkish Economic Growth. Ekonomický časopis,53(9), 880–894.
Özcan, C. (2015). Turizm Gelirleri-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Simetrik ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Yaklaşımı ile Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (46), 177-199.
Raza, S.A. and Shah, N. (2017). Tourism Growth and Income Inequality: Does Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Exist in Top Tourist Arrival Countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(8), 874-884 https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1343742
Scheyvens, R. (2009). Pro-Poor Tourism: Is There Value Beyond The Rhetoric?. Tourism Recreation Research, 34(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081590
Shahbaz,M., Solarin, S. A., Azam, M. and Tiwari, A.K.(2020). Tourism-Induced Income Distribution in Malaysia: A Practical Experience of A Truly Asian Economy. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(23), 2910-2929. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1697648.
Solt, F.. (2020). Measuring İncome İnequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World İncome İnequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3),1183-1199.
Toda, H.Y. and Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
Toker, B. (2007). Türkiye’de Turizm Sektörü Teşviklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 14(2), 81-92.
Tosun, C., Timothy, D. J. and Öztürk, Y. (2003). Tourism Growth, National Development and Regional Inequality in Turkey. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(2-3), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667200
Turizm Bakanlığı, https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
TURSAB, https://www.tursab.org.tr/istatistikler
Türkiye Turizm ve Kültür Bakanlığı, (2007). Türkiye Turizm Stratejisi 2023 Eylem Planı 2007-2013. Ankara, https://www.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/906,ttstratejisi2023pdf.pdf?0
UNWTO, The World Travel and Tourism Council, https://wttc.org
Uzar, U. and Eyuboğlu, K. (2019). Can Tourism Be A Key Sector in Reducing Income Inequality? An Empirical Investigation for Turkey. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(8), 822-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1636105
Wattanakuljarus, A. and Coxhead, I. (2008). Is Tourism-Based Development Good for The Poor? A General Equilibrium Analysis for Thailand. Journal of Policy Modelling, 30(6), 929-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.02.006
World Bank. (2020). World Bank open data.
Yavuz, N.Ç. (2006). Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisinin Testi: Yapısal Kırılma ve Nedensellik Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2), 162-171.