Bölgesel Kimlik İnşasında Devletlerarası Örgütlerin Rolü: Akdeniz Havzası Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Küreselleşmenin doğrudan bir sonucu olarak devletler arasında artan ilişkiler ve iş birliği, ulus-devlet ile bağdaştırılan ulusal kimlik algısına ulus aşırı bileşenlerin eklemlenmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Makro ölçekte bölgesel devletlerarası örgütler bulundukları bölgede gerçekleştirdikleri politikalar ile ilgili bölgenin hem içeride hem dışarıda algılanışını etkileyecek bölgesel kimlik inşasına katkıda bulunabilmektedirler. Bu çalışma kapsamında ilk olarak bölgesel kimlik inşasına dair kuramsal bir yaklaşım sunulacak, literatürde bulunan tartışmalara yer verilerek neden etno-sembolcü bir inşa sürecinin kabul edildiği üzerinde durulacak ve daha sonra Akdeniz Havzası özelinde makro ölçekli bölgesel yapılanma çerçevesinde kendisini gösteren iki temel kimlik bileşeni olarak Avrupalılık ve Akdenizlilik kimlikleri, Avrupa Birliği ve Akdeniz İçin Birlik örgütleri nezdinde bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulacaktır. Karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme kapsamında tamamlanacak olan bu çalışmanın amacı, bu iki devletlerarası örgütün ilgili kimliklerin inşa edilmesine ve kültürel yapılanmadan sivil yapılanmaya dönüşmelerine katkı verip vermedikleri sorunsalı üzerine odaklanmak ve ilgili durumun nedenlerini analiz etmektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Akdeniz Havzası, Bölgesel Kimlik, Akdeniz İçin Birlik, Avrupa BirliğiJEL Sınıflandırması: F53, Y80

The Role of Inter-State Organizations in Regional Identity Construction: A Comparative Analysis on the Mediterranean Basin

As a direct result of globalization, relations and cooperation between states have increased. Thus, this brought about the articulation of transnational components to the perception of national identity associated with the nation-state. On a macro scale, regional organizations can contribute to the regional identity construction with the policies that they carry out in their region, which will affect the perception of the region both inside and outside. Within the scope of this study, a theoretical approach on a regional identity construction will be presented, it will be emphasized on why an ethno-symbolist construction process is accepted, then European and Mediterranean identities will be evaluated within the framework of European Union and Union for the Mediterranean. The aim of this study, which will be completed within the scope of a comparative analysis, is to focus on the question of whether these two regional organizations contribute to construct the relevant identities through their transformation from their cultural characteristics to civic ones. Key Words: Mediterranean Basin, Regional Identity, Union for the Mediterranean, European UnionJEL Classification: F53, Y80

Keywords:

Mediterranean Basin, Regional Identity Union for the Mediterranean, European Union,

PDF

___

Antoine, B. (2017). GLO Discussion Paper. New Regional Identities in a Global World, 13. Maastricht: Global Labor Organization - GLO. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/155275/1/GLO_DP_0013.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2020.
Antonsich, M. (2009). National Identities in the Age of Globalization: The Case of Western Europe. National Identities, 11(3), 281-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608940903081085.
Ashforth, B. E., & Johnson, S. A. (2001). Which Hat to Wear? The Relative Salience of Multiple Identities in Organizational Contexts. İçinde D. J. Terry, & M. Hogg (Ed.), Social Identity Processes in Organizational Contexts (ss. 31-48). New York: Psychology Press.
Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2001). Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage.
Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization. London: Sage.
Brehm, S. S., Kassin, S., & Fein, S. (1993). Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
Brigevich, A. (2012). Peeling Back the Layers: Territorial Identity and EU Support in Spain. Regional and Federal Studies, 22(2), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2012.668136.
Bruter, M. (2008). Legitimacy, Euroscepticism & Identity in the European Union – Problems of Measurement, Modelling & Paradoxical Patterns of Influence. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 4(4), 273-285.
Casey, E. S. (2011). Between Geography and Philosophy: What Does It Mean to Be in the Place- World? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91(4), 683-693. http://www.jcer.net/ojs.index.php/jcer/article/view/153/120. Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2020
Chaban, N., Elgström, O., & Holland, M. (2006). The European Union As Others See It. European Foreign Affairs Review (11), 245-262. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.kluwer/eurofa0011&div=19&id=& page=. Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2020
Cho, S. (2007). Toward an Identity Theory of International Organizations. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 101, 157-160. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25660184. Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2020
Deutsch, K. W. (1966). Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationality. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Entrikin, J. N. (2002). Democratic Place-Making and Multiculturalism. Geografiska Annaler, 84(1), 19-25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3554398. Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2020
EU citizenship. (n.d.)., European Union: https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental- rights/eu-citizenship_en. Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020
European Commission. (2016). European Union Citizenship. European Commission.
Giesen, B. (2003). The collective identity of Europe: Constitutional practice or community of memory? İçinde W. Spohn, & A. Triandafyllidou (Eds.), Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration. London: Routledge.
Holm, C. (2007). Sparks Expected to Fly Whoever Becomes France's President. https://www.dw.com/en/sparks-expected-to-fly-whoever-becomes-frances-president/a- 2343020. Erişim Tarihi: 07.09.2020
Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2001). Multi-Level Governance and European Integration. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
IEMed. (2015). 20th anniversary of the Barcelona Process. IEMed: https://www.iemed.org/actualitat-en/noticies/20e-aniversari-del-proces-de-barcelona/. Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020
Jesse, N. G., & Williams, K. P. (2005). Identity and Institutions. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Jessop, B. (2002). The Future of the Capitalist State. Cambridge: Polity.
Kertzer, D. I. (1988). Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press .
Koremenos, B., Lipson, C., & Snidal, D. (2001). The Rational Design of International Relations. International Organization, 55(4), 761-799. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3078615. Erişim Tarihi: 27.10.2020
Kyprianou, M. (2016). Perspectives on Mediterranean Security and Stability. Horizons (8), 78-88. https://www.cirsd.org/files/000/000/002/44/02d96067b61e43850c3a5b0f02a67c88bab939 ab.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2020
Millard, J., & Christensen, A. L. (2004). Regional identity in the information society. Biser.
Ness, G. D., & Brechin, S. R. (1988). Bridging the Gap: International Organizations as Organizations. International Organization, 42(2), 245-273. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300032811.
Özdemir, E. (2015). Kimlik. İçinde E. A. Aytekin, & G. Atılgan (Ed.), Siyaset Bilimi: Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler (ss. 201-214). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
Özkırımlı, U. (2016). Milliyetçilik Kuramları "Eleştirel Bir Bakış". Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
Paasi, A. (2003). Region and Place: Regional Identity in Question. Progress in Human Geography, 27(4), 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0309132503ph439pr.
Paasi, A. (2009). The Resurgence of the 'Region' and 'Regional Identity': Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Observations on Regional Dynamics in Europe. Review of International Studies, 35, 121-146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210509008456.
Paasi, A. (2011). The region, Identity, and Power. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14, 9- 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.011.
Raco, M. (2006). Building New Subjectivities: Devolution, Regional Identities and the Re-scaling of Politics. İçinde M. Tewdwr-Jones, & P. Allmendinger (Eds.), Territory, Identity and Spatial Planning (ss. 320-334). Londra: Routledge.
Radcliffe, S., & Westwood, S. (1996). Remaking the Nation. Londra: Routledge.
Risse, T. (2010). A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Roca, Z., & Oliviera-Roca, M. N. (2006). Affirmation of territorial identity: A development policy issue. Land Use Policy, 434-442.
Selznick, P. (1984). Leadership in Administration. California: University of California Press.
Smith, A. D. (2017). Milli Kimlik. (B. S. Şener, Çev.) İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Söderbaum, F. (2003). Introduction: Theories of New Regionalism. İçinde F. Söderbaum, & T. Shaw (Ed.), Theories of New Regionalism (ss. 1-21). Londra: Palgrave-Macmillan. Speech by Romano Prodi President-designate of the European Commission to the European Parliament Strasbourg, 14 September 1999. (1999). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_99_114. Erişim Tarihi. 09.09.2020
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1- 39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245.
Toprak, B. (2006). Prejudice as Social Science Theory. http://sam.gov.tr/prejudice-as-social-science- theory-samuel-p-huntingtons-vision-of-the-future/. Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2020
Turner, J. G. (1982). Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of the Social Group. İçinde H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (ss. 15-40). New York: Cambridge University Press.
UfM. (n.d.). What We Do. Union for the Mediterranean: https://ufmsecretariat.org/what-we-do/. Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2020
Wendt, A. (1994). Collective Identity Formation and the International State. American Political Science Review, 384-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711.