DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARININ ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Bu çalışma doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının çevresel kalite üzerindeki etkisini 102 ülke için 2000-2015 yıllık dönemler doğrultusunda araştırmaktadır. Dünya Bankası ülke sınıflandırmasından hareket edilerek dört farklı ülke grubu (düşük, düşük-orta, üst-orta ve yüksek gelirli ülkeler) için üç farklı kirlilik göstergesi (karbon dioksit, nitrojen dioksit ve toplam sera gazı) analizlere dahil edilmiştir. Test yöntemi olarak dinamik panel veri analizi olan ve Arellona & Bond (1991) tarafından geliştirilen Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metoduna yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada temel olarak doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının çevre kirliliğini artırması anlamına gelen “kirlilik sığınağı (cenneti) hipotezi” ile azaltması anlamına gelen “kirlilik hale hipotezlerinin” araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular düşük gelirli ülkeler için kirlilik sığınağı (cenneti) hipotezinin; düşük-orta, üst-orta ve yüksek gelir grubu ülkeler için ise kirlilik hale hipotezinin geçerli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları, Çevre Kirliliği, Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi, Kirlilik Hale Hipotezi, Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu

THE EFFECT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality for 102 countries over the period of 2000-2015. Based on the World Bank country classification, three different pollution indicators (carbon dioxide-CO2, nitrogen dioxide-NO2and total greenhouse gas-GGAS) were included in the analysis for four groups of countries (low, low-middle income, upper-middle income and high income). Generalized Moments Method developed by Arellona & Bond (1991) was applied. In the study, it is aimed to investigate two important theorical approaches: (i) “pollution haven hypothesis”, which means that foreign direct investment increases environmental pollution. (ii) “pollution halo hypothesis” which means that foreign direct investment has a benefical effect on environmental quality. Findings from the study show that pollution haven hypothesis is valid for low income countries, while pollution halo hypothesis is valid for low-middle income, upper-middle income and high income countries

Keywords:

Foreign Direct Investment, Environmental Pollution, Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Pollution Halo Hypothesis, Generalized Moments Method,

PDF

___

Acharyya, J. (2009) “FDI, Growth and the Environment: Evidence from India on CO2 Emission during the Last Two Decades”, Journal of Economic Development, 34(1): 43-58.
Al-mulali, U. (2012) “Factors Affecting CO2 Emission in the Middle East: A Panel Data Analysis”, Energy, 44(1): 564-569.
Al-mulali, U. ve Tang, C. F. (2013) “Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries”, Energy Policy, 60: 813-819.
Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991) “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 277-297.
Asghari, M. (2013) “Does FDI Promote MENA Region’s Environment Quality? Pollution Halo or Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, Int J Sci Res Environ Sci, 1(6): 92-100.
Cole, M. A. (2004). “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages”, Ecological economics, 48(1): 71-81.
Cole, M. A., Elliott, R. J. ve Zhang, J. (2011) “Growth, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Environment: Evidence from Chinese Cities”, Journal of Regional Science, 51(1): 121-138.
Dean, J. M. (2002) “Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test”, The Canadian Journal of Economics, 35 (4): 819-842.
Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991) “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 3914: 1-39.
Greene, W. (2002), “Econometric Analysis”, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education: New Jersey.
Hitam, M. B. ve Borhan, H. B. (2012) “FDI, Growth and the Environment: Impact on Quality of Life in Malaysia”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50: 333-342.
Kivyiro, P. ve Arminen, H. (2014) “Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Foreign Direct Investment: Causality Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa”, Energy, 74: 595-606.
Kostakis, I., Lolos, S. ve Sardianou, E. (2016) “Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Degradation: Further Evidence from Brazil and Singapore”, University Library of Munich, Germany.
Lee, C. G. (2009) “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution and Economic Growth: Evidence from Malaysia”, Applied Economics, 41(13): 1709-1716.
Merican, Y. (2007) “Foreign Direct Investment and Pollution in Five Asean Nations”, International Journal of Economics & Management, 1(2): 245-261.
Mutafoglu, T. H. (2012) “Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Turkey”, Journal of Developing Societies, 28(3): 281-297.
Panayotou, T. (1993) “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic” International Labour Organization.
Pao, H. T. ve Tsai, C. M. (2010) “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in BRIC Countries”, Energy Policy, 38(12): 7850-7860.
Ren, S., Yuan, B., Ma, X. ve Chen, X. (2014) “International Trade, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and Embodied CO2 Emissions: A Case Study of Chinas Industrial Sectors”, China Economic Review, 28: 123-134.
Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P., & Vadlamannati, K. C. (2009) “Does Higher Economic and Financial Development Lead to Environmental Degradation: Evidence from BRIC Countries”, Energy Policy, 37(1): 246-253.
Tang, C. F. ve Tan, B. W. (2015) “The Impact of Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Direct Investment on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam”, Energy, 79: 447-454.
Taylor, M. S. (2004) “Unbundling the Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2): 1-26.
Taylor, M. S. ve Brock, W. A. (2004) “Economic Growth and the Environment: A Review of Theory and Empirics”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 10854: 1-59.
Zarsky, L. (1999) “Havens, Halos and Spaghetti: Untangling the Evidence about Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment”, Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, 13(8): 47-74.
Zhang, C., ve Zhou, X. (2016) “Does Foreign Direct Investment Lead to Lower CO2 Emissions? Evidence from a Regional Analysis in China”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58: 943-951.