ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA BİLDİRİMİN TEK TARAFLI DEVLET İŞLEMİ NİTELİĞİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Devletlerin tek taraflı hukuki işlemleri uluslararası hukuktaki ihtilaflı meselelerinden biridir. Her ne kadar uluslararası örf ve âdet hukuku bazı tek taraflı işlemlerin varlığını kabul etmişse de, devletler arasındaki hukuki ilişkilerin teorik temelleri hakkındaki farklı perspektifler konu üzerinde bir uzlaşmaya varmayı imkansız kılmaktadır. Tek taraflı işlemleri hukuki işlemler olarak görmenin ardında yatan düşünce, bu işlemlerin diğer devletlerle yürütülen bir müzakere sürecinden veya onlardan alınacak bir onaydan bağımsız şekilde işlem sahibi devlet için hukuki yükümlülük yaratma kapasitesidir. Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Nükleer Denemeler Davaları’ndaki kararları, konuya, nihayetinde daha yaygın bir kabulle sonuçlanan bir ilgi uyandırmıştır. Fakat yine de bir tek taraflı işlemler teorisinin inşa edildiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun kendisinden beklenen Taslak Maddeleri oluşturamamış olan çalışması da bu durumun kanıtı niteliğindedir. Meselenin ihtilaflı karakteri yanında, farklı yazarların tek taraflı işlem örneklerine ilişkin sunumlarında da tutarsızlık bulunmaktadır. Kimi zaman; tanıma, protesto, vazgeçme ve taahhütten oluşan listeye bildirim de dahil edilmektedir. Bu makale bildirimin söz konusu listeye dahil edilmesinin isabetli olup olmadığını tartışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Tek taraflı devlet işlemleri, uluslararası hukuk, tanıma, protesto, vazgeçme, taahhüt

AN EXAMINATON ON THE UNILATERAL STATE ACT STATUS OF NOTIFICATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Unilateral acts of states is one of the controversial issues in international law. Although some forms of unilateral acts are accepted by customary international law, different perspectives on the theoretical basis of legal relations between states render an agreement on the subject impossible. The idea behind considering unilateral acts being legal transactions is their capacity to create legal obligations for the author state, independent from any negotiation process with or any approval of other states. The International Court of Justice’s decisions in Nuclear Tests Cases has triggered an interest to the subject which results in a more common recognition of the concept. But it is still impossible to argue that a theory of unilateral acts could be constructed. The work of International Law Commission, which could not produce the expected Draft Articles, may be an evident of this fact. Beside its controversial character, there is also some inconsistency between presentation of examples of unilateral acts by different scholars. Sometimes notification is added by scholars to the list of unilateral acts of states, including recognition, protest, waiver and promise. This article discusses the accuracy of adding notification to this list.

Keywords:

Unilateral Acts of States International Law, Recognition, Protest, Waiver, Promise, Notification,

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