NURGÜL ÇELİK BALCI, Cansu DEMİREL, MEHMET ALİ KURT

Salda Gölünün Jeomikrobiyolojisi ve Güncel Stromatolit Oluşumunda Mikrobiyal Etkiler

Türkiye’nin güneybatısında Göller Yöresinde yer alan Salda Gölü, ofiyolitik kayaçlar üzerinde gelişen kapalı sistem aşırı alkali bir göldür. İlk defa bu çalışmayla Salda Gölü’nün jeomikrobiyolojisi araştırılarak, göldeki güncel stromatolit oluşumlarına etkisi moleküler ekolojik, mikrobiyolojik ve jeokimyasal bilim dallarını içeren multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla incelenmiştir. Yeni nesil sekanslama (NSG) sonuçları Salda Göl’ü prokaryotik popülasyonunun % 97.3’nün bakteri domainine; % 2.7’sinin ise arkea domainine ait olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Dominant bakteri sınıfları Gammaprotobacteria (%39.6), Alphaprotobacteria (%25.6), Bacilli (%23.7), Siyanobakteri (%5.3) ve Betaproteobacteria (%2.0), Actinobacteria (% 1.77); arkea sınıfları ise Methanobacteria (%76.1), Halobacteria (%21.4) ve Thaumarchaeota (%1.4) olarak belirlenmiştir. Güncel stromatolit dokusu üzerinde yapılan mikroskop çalışmaları, hidromanyezit çökellerinin siyanobakteri ve halobacteria sınıfına ait hücre dışı organik maddelerle ( EPS-eksopolimerik organik maddeler) ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu veriler, güncel stromatolitlerin oluşumunda fototrofik–heterotrofik simbiyotik bir ilişkiyi önermektedir. Fosil stromatolitler üzerinde ilk defa yapılan petrografik incelemeler, canlı izleri olan filamentlere işaret etmektedir. Tüm veriler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, stromatolitlerin biyolojik-kimyasal ve fiziksel bir dizi karışık biyojeokimyasal reaksiyonlar sonucu oluştuğu, stromatolitlerin oluşumunda bakterilerin çekirdeklenme yüzeyi ve çökelim hızı gibi kinetik faktörleri kontrol ettiği ancak bu yapıların oluşumunda termodinamik faktörleri (alkalinite, pH) etkilemediği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler stromatolitlerin mineralojisi ve oluşum lokasyonlarının su-kayaç denetimi altında bulunan göl su kimyası tarafından denetlendiğini önermektedir. Salda Göl’ünde yapılan bu çalışma ile güncel ve fosil stromatolit oluşumlarının jeolojik kayıtlardaki yaşam izlerinin tayin edilmesinde önemli veriler sağlayabileceği ortaya konmuştur.

Geomicrobiology of Lake Salda and Microbial Influences on Present-Day Stromatolite Formation

Lake Salda, located in the lakes district of Turkey, is a closed system, extremely alkaline lake within ophiolites. For the first time gemicrobiology of Lake Salda and its influence on present–day stromatolite formation have been investigated with a combined, molecular ecology, microbiology and geochemical approach. Next generation sequences results showed that 97.3 % and 2.7 % of prokaryotic population of the lake belongs to bacteria and archea domain, respectively. Dominant bacteria classes are Gammaprotobacteria (% 39.6), Alphaprotobacteria (% 25.6), Bacilli (% 23.7), Cyanobacteria (% 5.3) Betaproteobacteria (% 2.0) and Actinobacteria (% 1.77). Dominant archea classes are Methanobacteria (% 76.1), Halobacteria (% 21.4) and Thaumarchaeota (% 1.4). Microscope studies on the recent living stromatolite structure showed intimate relation between hydromagnesite precipitation and exopolimeric organic substances (EPS) produced by phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganims. Diatoms are commonly identified around the living stromatolite. These data suggest a symbiotic relationship between phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganims during stromatolite formation. Petrographic investigation of fosil stromatolite revealed filament traces of living cyanobacteria or algae. The results indicate that stromatolite forms under a complex biological, chemical and physical biogeochemical processes and also indicate that bacteria serve as a nucleation site and control kinetic factors such as precipitation rate by lowering activation energy rather than thermodynamic factors (e.g alkalinity, pH). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that in contrast to microbial factors mineralogical composition and spatial distribution of stromatolite are influenced by lake water chemistry controlled by water-rock interactio. Overall, the current study in the Lake Salda suggest that fosil and present-day stromatolite formation may provide valuable information about traces of early life preserved in the geological records.

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