Tersine Dönen Emek Arz Eğrisi: Türkiye Sınaması

Mal ve hizmetlerin üretimi için gerekli olan temel üretim faktörlerinin başında emek gelmektedir. Emek arzı genellikle hanehalkına ya da bireylere bağlıdır. Klasik olarak ücretler artarsa emek arzının artacağı bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu genel kabul gören varsayımın her zaman geçerli olmadığı da tartışılan diğer bir olgudur. Bireylerin ya da emek arzı sahiplerinin bir takım faktörlerin etkisi ile boş zamanı çalışmaya tercih ettikleri görülmektedir. Artan gelire rağmen oluşan bu durum tersine dönen emek arz eğrisi kavramı ile açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma artan ücretler karşısında emek arzının durumunu Türkiye için incelemektedir. Türkiye’deki emek sahiplerinin belirli bir seviyeye kadar artan ücretler karşısında emek arzlarını artırmalarının mümkün olduğu görülebilir. Ancak zaman içinde artan ücret ile birlikte bireyler kendisine, ailesine ya da sosyal yaşama vakit ayırmak gibi sebeplerden dolayı boş zamanı tercih etmektedirler. Hanehalkı araştırma anketi verileri ile yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre emek arz eğrisinin Türkiye için tersine dönen bir seyir izlediğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Tersine Dönen Emek Arzı, Ücret, Gelir, İkame Etkisi, Gelir Etkisi

Backward Bending Supply of Labor: Case of Turkey

Labor is one of the basic production factors essential for the production of goods and services. The supply of labor is usually dependent on households or individuals. It is a known fact that labor supply will increase if wages increase. However it is argued that this generally accepted assumption is not always valid. With the effect of a number of factors, it is seen that individuals or labor supply holders prefer leisure time to work. This situation is explained by backward bending supply of labor despite increasing income. This study examines the situation of labor supply versus rising wages for Turkey. In Turkey, up to a certain point it can be seen that labor holders increase labor supplies in the face of rising wages. However, with increasing wages over time, individuals prefer leisure time for reasons such as spending time for themselves, their families or social life. Household survey data analysis reveals that supply curve of labor has a backward bending trend for Turkey.

Keywords:

Backward Bending Supply of Labor, Wage, Income., Substitution Effect, Income Effect.,

PDF

___

Besanko, D. A. ve Braeutigam, R. R. (2010). Microeconomics. 4th. ed. John Wiley & Sons.
Case, K. E. ve Fair, R. C. (2006). Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Education Company.
Dessing, M. (2002). “Labor Supply, The family and Poverty: the S-shaped Labor Supply Curve”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 49(4), 433-458.
Dimova, R., Michaelowa, K., ve Weber, A. (2004). “Ganyu Labor in Malawi: Efficiency Problems and Determinants of Supply. Brunel University.
Ellis, G. (1981). “The Backward-Bending Supply Curve of Labor in Africa: Models, Evidence, and Interpretation: And Why It Makes a Difference”. The Journal of Developing Areas, 15(2), 251-274.
Frey, G. E., Chamberlain, J. L. ve Prestemon, J. P. (2018). “The Potential for A Backward-Bending Supply Curve of Non-Timber Forest Products: An Empirical Case Study of Wild American Ginseng Production. Forest Policy and Economics, 97, 97-109.
Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic Econometrics. The Mc-Graw Hill.
Just, R. E. Ve Zilberman, D. (1992). “In Defense of Fence to Fence: Can the Backward Bending Supply Curve Exist?”. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 277-285.
Krugman, P. ve Wells, R. (2010). Microeconomics.New York: Worth Pub-lishers.
Licona, G. (2000). “Reshaping the Labor Supply Curve for the Poor in Río De Janeiro”. Brasil: Annual Meeting of the Latin American And Caribbean Economic Association.
Lin, C. C. (2003). “A backward‐bending Labor Supply Curve Without an Income Effect”. Oxford Economic Papers, 55(2), 336-343.
Long, S. J. ve Freese, J. (2006). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Stata Press.
Mankiw, G. (2012). Principles of Microeconomics. 6th edn Mason. OH: SouthWestern Cengage Learning.
Miracle, M. P. Ve Fetter, B. (1970). “Backward-sloping Labor-supply Functions and African Economic Behavior”. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 18(2), 240-251.
Nakamura, A. ve Nakamura, M. (1981). “A Comparison of the Labor Force Behavior of Married Women in the United States and Canada, with Special Attention to the Impact of Income Taxes”. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 451-489.
Palley, T. I. (2003). “The Backward–Bending Phillips Curve and The Minimum Unemployment Rate of Inflation: Wage Adjustment with Opportunistic Firms”. The Manchester School, 71(1), 35-50.
Parkin, M., Bade, R., Parkin, M., King, H. B. ve Cohen, A. J. (2000). Microeconomics: Canada in the Global Gnvironment. Addison Wesley Longman.
Pham, T. T. ve Flaaten, O. (2013). “The Backward-Bending Supply Curve in Fisheries-Revisited”. Journal of Sustainable Development; 6(6), 15-33.
Plott, C. R. (2000). “Market Stability: Backward‐Bending Supply in a Laboratory Experimental Market”. 1999 Presidential Address. Western Economic Association. Economic Inquiry, 38(1), 1-18.
Rahman, A. J. (2013). “An Econometric Analysis of the “Backward-Bending” Labour Supply of Canadian Women”. Undergraduate Economic Review, 10(1), 6.
Rasmussen, B. S. (1998). “Long Run Effects of Employment and Payroll Taxes in an Efficiency Wage Model”. Economics Letters, 58(2), 245-253.
Robinson, C. ve Tomes, N. (1985). “More on the Labour Supply of Canadian Women”. Canadian Journal of Economics, 156-163.
Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques, John Wily & Sons Inc., Canada.
Stephenson, B., Cook, D., Dixon, P., Duckworth, W., Kaiser, M., Koehler, K., ve Meeker, W. (2008)http://modul.repo.mercubuanayogya.ac.id/modul/files/openjournal/Journal%20Of%20Engineering/GLM.logistic.Rpackage.pdf. 02.09.2019
Stucky, K. A. “The Backward-Bending Supply Curve of Gender Specific Work Ethics In Emerging Third World Countries.” http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.8764&rep=rep1&type=pdf 11.09.2019
Tellez, M., Spetz, J., Seago, J. A., Harrington, C. M.ve Kitchener, M. (2009). “Do Wages Matter?: A Backward Bend in the 2004 California RN Labor Supply”. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 10(3), 195-203.
Varian, H. R. (2014). Intermediate Microeconomics with Calculus: A Modern Approach. WW Norton & Company.