Konur Alp KOÇAK

136

Mısır: Demokratikleşme Yolunda İki Adım İleri Bir Adım Geri

Siyasî baskılar ve sosyo-ekonomik geri kalmışlığın tahammül edilemez birnoktaya ulaşmasıyla, Tunus’taki Yasemin Devriminden ilham alan Mısır halkı, Ocak 2011’de Hüsnü Mübarek karşıtı bir ayaklanmaya girişmişti. Genişbir kitlenin desteğini alan ayaklanma, rejimin silâha başvurmasıyla daha dayayılmıştı. Uzun süren bir mücadele neticesinde Mübarek görevini bırakmış veMısır köklü bir yeniden yapılanma dönemine girmişti. Bu süreç, MüslümanKardeşler’in iktidara gelmesi ve radikal İslamcı Selefîlerin önemli bir güç olarak ortaya çıkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştı. Bu iki siyasî grubun liderliğinde yapılanyeni Anayasa, ülkedeki liberal ve sol kesimlerden ciddi tepki çekmişti. En nihayet, 3 Temmuz 2013’te askerî bir darbe ile Müslüman Kardeşler yönetimidevrilmiş, lideri olan Muhammed Mursi ve diğer üst düzey yetkililer tutuklanmıştı. Bu makalede, Mısır’da yaşanan devrim ve askerî darbe arasında yaşanan gelgitli dönem incelenmektedir
Anahtar Kelimeler:

25 Ocak Devrimi, Hüsnü Mübarek, Müslüman Kardeşler, Muhammed Mursi

When the political pressure and the socio-economic conditions reached atan intolerable degree, inspired by the Tunisian Revolution, Egyptians starteda popular uprising against Hosni Mubarak. The more the regime resorted toheavy-handed attempts to crush down the protests, the more the protests dispersed. Following a severe conflict in all over the country, Mubarak relin quished his power and stepped aside. Afterwards, Egypt experienced a process of re-settlement. New political structure led by Muslim Brotherhood that came to power after democratic elections. However, tensions between Islamists and Secular/liberal groups grew as days past especially during the writing of the new constitution. Consequently, military coup in July 3, 2013 ended the rule of Brotherhood and democratically elected President Mohammed Morsi. This paper analyzes the period between the January 25 Revolution and the military coup.
Keywords:

January 25 Revolution, Hosni Mubarak, Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Morsi,

___

  • Ackerman, Bruce. «Parliament to the Rescue.» Foreign Policy . 01 March 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/01/parliament_to_- the_rescue (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Açıkalın, Serpil. “El-Baradai’nin Ardından Mısır Siyaseti.” USAK Stratejik Gündem. 16 Mart 2010. http://www.usakgundem.com/yorum/309/el-baradai%E2%80%99nin-ard%C4%B1ndan-m%C4%B1s%C4%B1r-siyaseti.html (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Afdb. The African Development Bank Group in North Africa - 2011. Tunis: African Development Bank (AfDB) Group, 2011.
  • Ahl, Amira El. ‘Firavun’un Mirası. 08 Haziran 2009. http://tr.qantara.de/Firavunun-miras%C4%B1/14385c349/ (Nisan 25, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Alissa, Sufyan. The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt: Understanding the Role of Institutions. Carnegie Papers No.5, Middle East Center, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007.
  • Aljazeere (1). “Tahrir Square youth leader arrested in Cairo.” Aljazeere. 10 May 2013.http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/05/201- 3510161914564495.html (May 11, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Amanpour, Christiane. “Mubarak: “If I Resign Today There Will Be Chaos”.” ABC News. 03 February 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/International/egypt-abc-news-christiane-amanpour-exclusive-interview-president/story?id=12833673 (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Amnesty International. “Egypt: Proposed Constitutional Amendments Greatest Erosion of Human Rights in 26 Years.” Amnesty International Press Release. 18 March 2007.
  • http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE12/008/2007/en/c8ee06dc-d3a5-11dd-a329-2f46302a8cc6- /mde120082007en.html (Agust 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Ayhan, Veysel, ve Nazlı Ayhan. Misir Devriminin Ayak Sesleri: Bir Devrin Sonu Mu? Rapor, ORSAM, Ankara: ORSAM, 2011.
  • BBC Türkçe. “‘Eylül Olmaz, Mübarek Hemen Gitmeli.” 02 Şubat 2011.
  • http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2011/02/110202_mubarak_reactions.shtml (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Masadaki Müzakereler Meydanlardakileri Tatmin Etmedi.” 07 Şubat 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2011/02/110207_egypt_obama.shtml (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Mısır’da Ekmek İsyanı.” 12 April 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/news/story/2008/04/080412_egypt.shtml (May 8, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Mübarek Konuştu: Eylüle Kadar Devam.” 10 Şubat 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2011/02/110210_mubarek_update_2.shtml (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bernard-Maugiron, Nathalie. “Th e 2007 Constitutional Amendments in Egypt, and Th eir Implications on the Balance of Power.” Arab Law Quarterly (Brill), no. 22 (2008): 397-417.
  • Blaydes, Lisa. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York : Cambridge University Pres, 2010.
  • —. “Who Votes in Authoritarian Elections and Why? Determinants of Voter Turnout in Contemporary Egypt.” Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Philadelphia PA,, 2006.
  • Bowen, Jeremy. “Mısır yeni çatışmalara gebe.” BBC Türkçe. 28 Kasım 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2011/11/111128_egypt_analysis.shtml (Ağustos 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bölme, Selin M., Müjge Küçükkeleş, Ufuk Ulutaş, Taha Özhan, Nuh Yilmaz, ve Yilmaz Ensaroğlu. 25 Ocak’tan Yeni Anayasa’ya: Mısır’da Dönüşümün Anatomisi. Ankara: Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA), 2011.
  • Brown, Nathan J., ve Michele Dunne. “Egypt’s Draft Constitutional Amendments Answer Some Questions and Raise Others.” Carnegie Middle East Center. 01 March 2011. http://www.carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=42817# (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Brown, Nathan J., ve Michele Dunne. Egypt’s Controversial Constitutional Amendments. Commentary, Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007.
  • Brumberg, Daniel. Liberalization versus Democracy: Understanding Arap Political Reform. Working Paper, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003.
  • Byman, Daniel L. Democracy in Egypt: What Are the Risks to the United States? 9 February 2011. www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/02/09- egypt-democracy-byman (March 22, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Carnegie . “The April 6 Youth Movement.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2010. http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2010/09/22/the-april-6-youth-movement (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Carnegie. “Representation Egypt’s People’s Assembly: 1976-2010.” Guide to Egypt’s Transition. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. tarih yok.http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/wp-content/themes/sandbox/swf/partyRep_en.htm (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • CNN. “Mohamed ElBaradei: ‘Egypt will explode’.” 11 February 2011.
  • http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/10/egypt.protests.reax/index.html (Ağustos 11, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Opposition Stifled in Egyptian Elections.” CNN World News. 20 November 1995. http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/egypt_elections/ (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Cook, Steven. “Eygpt’s Identity Crisis.” Council on Foreign Affairs. 19 September 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/19/egypts_identity_crisis (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Eygpt’s Referandum: Nervous Steps Forward.” Council on Foreign Relations. 21 March 2011. http://www.cfr.org/egypt/egypts-referendum-nervous-steps-forward/p24452 (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • CrethiPlethi. “Egypt Army Council Communiqué No.5.” CrethiPlethi.com. 13 February 2011. http://www.crethiplethi.com/egypt-army-council-communique-no-5/the-middle-east/2011/ (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Economist. Reform to Preserve: Democracy Takes A Battering in a Constitutional Referendum. 29 March 2007. http://www.economist.com- /node/8934761 (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. Rushed Constitutional Change Betrays Official Unease. 26 March 2007. http://www.economist.com/node/8912832 (Agust 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Eleiba, Ahmed. “Army May Have Taken Over Power In Egypt.” AhramOnline. 10 February 2011. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/5368/- Egypt/Army-may-have-taken-over-power-in-Egypt.aspx (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Fahim, Kareem. “In Upheaval for Egypt, Morsi Forces Out Military Chiefs.” New York Times . 13 August 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012- /08/13/world/middleeast/egyptian-leader-ousts-militarychiefs.html?_r=4&ref=global-home& (Ağustos 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Hamid, Shadi. “After Tunisia: Obama’s Impossible Dilemma in Egypt.” The Atlantic. 25 January 2011. http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/01/ after-tunisia-obamas-impossible-dilemma-in-egypt/701- 23/ (Nisan 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Hamid, Shadi. “Beyond Guns and Butter: A US-Egyptian Relationship for a Democratic Era.” Middle East Memo, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution, 2012.
  • Hamid, Shadi. “Egypt: The Prize.” The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East içinde, düzenleyen Kenneth M. Pollack et.al, 102-110.
  • Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
  • Hamzawy, Amr. Opposition in Egypt. Policy Outlook, Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Washington D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
  • Harnisch, Chris, ve Quinn Mecham. “Democratic Ideology in Islamist Opposition? The Muslim Brotherhood’s ‘Civil State’.” Middle Eastern Studies (Routledge) 45, no. 2 (March 2009): 189-205.
  • Hill, Evan. “Egypt army to ‘use force to clear protesters’.” AlJazeera. 10 April 2011. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011492- 1821599558.html (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Human Rights Watch. “Egypt: Retry or Free 12,000 After Unfair Military Trials.” Human Rights Watch News. 10 September 2011.
  • http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09 /10/egypt-retry-or-free-12000-afterunfair-military-trials (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • ICG. Egypt’S Muslim Brothers: Confrontation Or Integration? Middle East/North Africa Report No:76, Cairo/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2008.
  • —. Popular Protest In North Africa And The Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious? Middle East/North Africa Report, International Crises Group, Cairo/Brussels: International Crises Group, 2011.
  • —. Reforming Egypt: In Search of a Strategy. Reprt No:46, Middle East/North Africa, International Crisis Group, International Crisis Group, 2005.
  • IMF. World Economic Outlook : A Survey By The Staff Of The International Monetary Fund. World Economic and Financial Surveys, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2013.
  • Indyk, Martin S. “Prospects for Democracy in Egypt.” Foreign Policy Trip Reports, Brookings Institution, Washington D.C., 2012.
  • IPU . “Elections Held in 1990.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 1990.
  • http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2097_90.htm (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Elections Held in 1995.” Inter Parliamenraty Union. 1995. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2097_95.htm (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • — . “Egypt 1979 Elections.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 1979. http://www.ipu.- org/parline-e/reports/arc/EGYPT_1979_E.PDF (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Egypt 1984 Elections.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 1984. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/EGYPT_1984_E.PDF (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Elections Held in 2000.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 2000. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2097_00.htm (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Egypt 1987 Elections.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 1987. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/EGYPT_1987_E.PDF (May 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Inter Parliamentary Union.” Majlis Ash-Shura (Shoura Assembly) Last Election. 2012. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2374_E.htm (Ağustos 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Majlis Al-Chaab (People’s Assembly) Last Elections.” Inter Parliamentary Union. 2012. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2097_E.htm (Ağustos 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Jehl, Douglas. “Egypt Lengthens Military Court Docket in Advance of Elections.” New York Times. 29 October 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/ world/egypt-lengthens-military-court-docket-inadvance-of-elections.html (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Kalabalik, Abdullah Aydoğan. Mısır’da Değişim Süreci ve Anayasa Arayışı. SETA Analiz, Ankara: SETA, 2013.
  • Kleber, Viktoria. “Egypt’s Protesters Ready for the Next Revolution.” Qantara. 25 January 2011. http://en.qantara.de/Egypts-Protesters-Ready-for-theNext-Revolution/18380c19097i1p1405/index.html (Nisan 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Leiken, Robert S., ve Steren Brooke. “The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood.” Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Relations ) 86, no. 2 (Mar-Apr 2007): 107-121.
  • McCormick, Ty. “Down with Mubarak, Long Live Mubarakism?” Foreign Policy. 27 September 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/27/ down_with_mubarak_long_live_mubarakism?page=- 0,1 (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Mert, Nuray. “Mısır’da Vekaleten Devrim.” Milliyet, 31 Ocak 2011.
  • Milliyet. ““Müslüman Kardeşler Tatmin Olmadı.” 6 Şubat 2011.
  • http://www.milliyet.com.tr/musluman-kardesler-tatmin-olmadi/dunya/ sondakika/06.02.2011/1348943/default.htm (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Moore, Barrington. Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. New York: M. E. Sharpe , 1978.
  • Moustafa, Tamir. Drafting Egypt’s Constitution:Can A New Legal Framework Revive A Flawed Transition? Paper Series No.1, Brookings Doha Center- Stanford Project On Arab Transitions, Brookings Institution, 2012.
  • NBC. “Egyptian Leader Orders Election Amendment.” NBC World News. 26 February 2005.
  • http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7034848/ns/world%20news/#.UgQ u29- KUB0k (Agust 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Ntvmsnbc. “2 Milyon Kişi Sokakta.” Ntvmsnbc. 01 Şubat 2011. http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25177552/ (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “ABD, Mübarek’in Üstünü Çizdi.” 01 Şubat 2011. http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25177915/ (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • —. “Obama: “Mübarek Fırsatı Kullanamadı”.” 11 Şubat 2011. http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25181377/ (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Ottaway, Marina, ve Amr Hamzawy. Protest Movements and Political Change in the Arab World. Policy Outlook, Carnegie Middle East Program, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011.
  • Özkan, Mehmet. “Egypt’s Foreign Policy under Mohamed Morsi.” Ortadoğu Analiz (ORSAM) 5, no. 51 (Mart 2013): 10-18.
  • PBS. “April 6 Youth Movement.” PBS Frontline. 22 February 2011. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/revolution-in-cairo/insideapril6-movement/ (May 27, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Ross, Brian, ve Matthew Cole. “Egypt: The Face That Launched A Revolution.” ABC News. 04 February 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/egyptface-launched-revolution/story?id=12841488&page=1 (May 07, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Sharp, Jeremy M. “Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations.” Middle Eastern Affairs, Congressional Research Services, Washington D.C., 2009.
  • Socolovsky, Jerome. “Egyptian VP Holds Unprecedented Talks with Muslim Brotherhood.” VOA News. 05 February 2011. http://www.voanews.com/ content/muslim-brotherhood-to-begin-talks-with-egyptianvp-suleiman-115397984/134598.html (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Stepan, Alfred, ve Juan J. Linz. “Democratization Theory and the “Arab Spring”.” Journal of Democracy 24, no. 2 (April 2013): 15-30.
  • Tanrıverdi, Nebahat. “Mısır’da Çalkantılı Cuma.” ORSAM Dış Politika Analizleri. 28 Ocak 2011. http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigoster.aspx?ID=1456 (Agustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Telhami, Shibley, ve Steven Kull. “Americans on the Middle East: A Study of American Public Opinion.” Poll Report, Anwar Sedat Chair, University of Maryland, 2012.
  • Thabet, Hala G. “Egyptian Parliamentary Elections: Between Democratisation and Autocracy.” Africa Development (Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa) 31, no. 3 (2006): 11-24.
  • Transparency International. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.” Transparency International. 2011. http://www.transparency.org/cpi2011/results (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Traub, James. “Is There A Light at the end of Eygpt’s Tunnel? .” Foreign Policy. 23 September 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/2- 3/the_ storm_before_the_calm (Ağustos 02, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Watt, Nicholas. “David Cameron arrives in Egypt to meet military rulers.” The Guardian. 21 Febraury 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/politics- /2011/feb/21/david-cameron-visits-egypt?CMP=twt_fd (Ağustos 01, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Yıldırım, Ramazan, ve Tarik Abdulcelil. Mısır Siyasi Haritası. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı , Ankara: SETA, 2011.
  • Zahid, Mohammed, ve Michael Medley. “Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt & Sudan.” Review of African Political Economy (Routledge) 33, no. 110 (2006): 693-708.
  • Zollner, Barbara H.E. The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hudaybi and Ideology. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.
YASAMA DERGİSİ-Cover
  • ISSN: 1306-6250
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2006
  • Yayıncı: YASAMA DERNEĞİ
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Fas: Arap Baharının İstisnası mı?

Neslihan TEMELAT

Suriye’de Arap Baharı

Yağmur ŞEN

Mısır: Demokratikleşme Yolunda İki Adım İleri Bir Adım Geri

Konur Alp KOÇAK

Filistin’de Arap Baharı

Mehmet Salih GÜN

Filistin'de Arap Baharı

Mehmet Salih GÜN

Suriye'de Arap Baharı

Yağmur ŞEN

Lübnan Sedir Devrimi'nden Arap Baharı'na

Baran KUŞOĞLU

Lübnan: Sedir Devrimi’nden Arap Baharı’na

Baran KUŞOĞLU