Mardin’de Suriyeli Olmak: Kendini Evinde Hissetmekle Kentin Dışına İtilmek Üzerine

Bu yazıda, göçün etkileri bir kent ölçeğinde ele alınmıştır. Bunun için göçle imtihanı tarihsel olduğu kadar güncel de olan Mardin seçilmiştir. Mardin’in Suriye’deki kentleri çağrıştırması, şive farklılıklarına rağmen sığınmacıların anadilinin kentte konuşulan temel diller arasında olması, Suriyeli sığınmacıların kendilerini burada evlerinde hissetmelerine hizmet edebilecek özelliklerdir. Kendini evinde hissetmek, bir sığınmacının da tıpkı bir yerli gibi yaşadığı kenti kendinin kılmasıyla (ortaklaşmasıyla) mümkün olabilir. Kenti kendinin kılma, kent merkezini ve mekânlarını kullanma sıklığı açısından ele alındığında, sığınmacıların yerlilere kıyasla mahallelerde daha fazla zaman geçirdiği görülür. Bunun yanında, sığınmacılar arasında geleneksel cinsiyetler arası işbölümünün göçten sonra daha da güçlendiği gözlenir. Sığınmacı kadınlar çoğunlukla ev içi alanla sınırlı bir yaşama sahipken, sığınmacı erkekler kısa süreli işlerde ve güvencesiz koşullarda çalışır. Sığınmacılar, “hayatta kalma stratejisiyle” hane halkı giderlerini en aza indirmeye, gelirlerini ise artırmaya çalışır. Sığınmacılar, yerlilerle aynı etnik grubun mensubu olsalar bile, kültürel olarak farklı algılanırlar. Bunun bir nedeninin sınır olduğu iddia edilebilir. Etnik grupları hatta aileleri bölen sınırla birlikte, ulus-devletlerin birbirinden farklı vatandaş profillerini yaratmada “başarılı” olduğu söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla, karşıdan gelenler Kürt sığınmacılar bile olsa Mardin’de yaşayan Kürtler tarafından Suriye vatandaşı olarak görülürler. Sığınmacıları geri gören ve onlarla karşılaştırma yaptığında kendilerine Türk diyen yerli Kürtlerin söylemleri bu anlamda çarpıcıdır. sığınmacılarla ilgili rekabet ve tehdit algısında, toplumsal cinsiyetin ve sınıfsal bağlamın önemli bir role sahip olduğu da gözlenir: Sığınmacı kadınlar, yerli kadınların “erkeklerini ellerinden aldığı” için, sığınmacı erkekler ise “düşük ücretlere çalıştığı” için yerli işçiler ve aileleri tarafından istenmez. Buna karşın, işverenler genellikle sığınmacıların varlığından memnundur. Kısaca, göç yerlileri hangi konuda etkiliyorsa, rekabet ve tehdit algısı ona göre içerik kazanır. Sığınmacıların belirli mahallelere “itilmesi” yoluyla kent hakkını kullanmalarının sınırlandırılmasının, yerlilerin algıladığı tehdidin şiddetini belirli ölçüde hafiflettiği ileri sürülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

göç, kendini evinde hissetmek, kent, sınıf, toplumsal cinsiyet, Suriyeli sığınmacılar

Being a Syrian in Mardin: On Feeling at Home versus Exclusion from the City

In this paper, the impact of migration has been examined on a city scale. For this purpose, we have chosen Mardin, a city challenged by migration flows in the past and the present, as a case example. The similarity of Mardin to Syrian cities and the native languages of refugees, also spoken by locals, constitute features for refugees’ feeling at home. Feeling at home can only be possible when refugees appropriate the city as do locals. When appropriating the city is examined by looking at the frequency of using the city center and its places, it can be seen that refugees spend more time in their neighborhoods than locals. Moreover, the traditional gender-based division of labor among refugees are pursued more strongly after migration. Female refugees’ lives are limited to domestic sphere whereas male refugees work in short-term jobs under precarious conditions. Refugees minimize household expenses while they maximize the household income by adopting a “survival strategy”. Refugees are perceived culturally different by locals even if they belong to the same ethnic group. The border can be argued to be one of the reasons for this. It can be claimed that nation-states have been able to create different citizen profiles by establishing a border, which divides ethnicities and even families. It is, for instance, striking to witness the discourse of local Kurds referring to themselves as Turks when they make comparisons between themselves and refugees whom they see as backward people. It is also observed that gender and class play important roles at the perception of competition and threat felt from refugees. Female refugees are not welcomed, because they are accused of taking the local men away, and male refugees are not wanted, because they are accused of taking the jobs away by working for lower wages. Employers, on the other hand, are generally satisfied with the presence of refugees. As a result, the content and severity of the perceived competition and threat changes depending on what matters to the locals. It can be argued that restricting refugees’ right to the city by “pushing” them to the certain neighborhoods mitigates the locals’ perceived threat from refugees to a certain degree.

Keywords:

Migration, Feeling At Home, City, Class, Gender, Syrian Refugees,

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