Sandra DUARTE CARDOSO, Yasemin SALGIRLI DEMİRBAŞ, Ceres FARACO, Liliana DE SOUSA, Gonçalo DA GRAÇA PEREİRA

İnsan haricindeki hayvanlarla ilgili teoriler: mekanizmden abolisyonist düşünceye

Binlerce yıl önce insanlarla yaşamaya başlamış olan evcil hayvanlar, 18. yüzyılın sonuna kadar insan hizmeti için yaratılmış ve duygulardan yoksun olan “nesneler” olarak kabul edildi. Bu, “hayvanlar makinedir ” görüşü, İngiliz yazar, filozof ve sosyal reformcu olan Jeremy Bentham 'ın 1789' da yazdığı şu cümlelerle değişmeye başladı: “Asıl soru, Onlar fikir yürütebilirler mi veya konuşabilirler mi değil, acı çekebilirler mi? Yasalar neden herhangi bir hassas varlığı korumayı reddetmeli?”. Bentham bu yazısına şöyle devam etmiştir: “İnsanlığın derisinin nefes alan her şeyi kaplayacağı zaman gelecektir”. Günümüzde, insan olmayan hayvanları da korumayI amaçlayan yasal mevzuatın oluşturulması ve insan dışı hayvanlara kötü muamele ile suistimali cezalandırmak için genel bir eğilim olmasına ragmen; hala daha hayvanlarıncanlı ve duyguları olan varlıklar olarak algılanmaları için iyileştirmelerin yapılması gerekliliği de bir gerçektir. Bu derleme makalesi, mekanistik (mekanizm), faydacılık (utilitarizm), refahçı yönelim ve abolisyonist (köleliğin kaldırılması) akım içeren ve hayvan haklarının savunulmasına dayanan farklı felsefeleri ve teorileri tanımlamakta ve tartışmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Etik, Hayvan hakları, Hayvan refahı, İnsan ve hayvan ilişkileri

Non-human animal theories: from mechanism to abolitionism

Domestic animals, which started to live with human-animals thousands of years ago, were regarded as “things” which were created for human service and deprived of emotions until the end of the 18th century. This idea of “animals are machines” began to change in 1789, when the British writer, philosopher and social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote that “The question is not, «Can they reason?» nor «Can they talk?» but, «Can they suffer?» Why should the law refuse its protection to any sensitive being?”. Bentham added that “The time will come when humanity will extend its mantle over everything which breathes.". Today, despite a general tendency for adopting legislation aiming to protect non-human animals and to criminalize animal mistreatment and abuse, the reality is that there are still improvements needed to be done in order to consider animals as sentient beings. This reviewing paper identifies and discusses the different philosophies and theories that are in the basis of the animal rights, which include mechanistic, utilitarianism, welfarism and abolitionism.

Keywords:

Animal Welfare Animal rights, Ethics, Human and non-human relationships, Protection,

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