Buzağılarda Preruminant Dönem Beslenmesinin Rumen Gelişimi Üzerine Etkisi

Beslenme, hızlı gelişen ve yüksek verime sahip hayvanların elde edilmesinde genetik faktörler kadar önem taşımaktadır. Buzağılarda, özellikle sütten kesim öncesinde sağlıklı bir rumen gelişimi sağlamak, hem kuru yem tüketimine geçişi hızlandırarak maliyeti azaltmada, hem de fizyolojik gelişimi hızlandırmada fayda sağlamaktadır. Buzağıların sütten kesim öncesi beslenmesinde katı gıdalar rumen gelişimi açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Yapılan çalışmalarda konsantre yemlerin içerdikleri bütirik ve propiyonik asitler nedeniyle, rumen epiteli ve papillaların gelişimini uyardığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kaba yemlerin de rumen kas gelişimini, motilitesini, haciminin artmasını, ruminasyonun uyarılmasını ve salyanın ön midelere akışını olumlu etkilediği ifade edilmiştir. Yemlerin türü ve partikül büyüklüğü de buzağılarda rumen gelişimini etkileyen diğer etmenler arasında yer almaktadır. Bununla birlikte başta probiyotikler olmak üzere yem katkı maddelerinin de rumen gelişimine olumlu etkileri bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Besleme, Buzağı, Probiyotikler, Rumen gelişimi

Effect of the Preruminant Calf Nutrition on Rumen Development

Nutrition is important as the genetics to obtain rapid growing and highly productive animals. A healthy rumen development in calves, especially before weaning, is beneficial for both on decreasing costs as a result of speeding up the transition to dry feed intake and accelerating physiological development. The dry feed intake before weaning has a key role on the rumen development in calves. The studies have shown that concentrate feeds stimulate the development of rumen epithelium and papilla due to their butyric and propionic acid content. Moreover, forage feeds supply to increase total volume of rumen, motility, development of rumen muscles, stimulate rumination and the flow of saliva to forestomach. Type and particle size of feeds are also among the other factors that affect the rumen development of calves. Furthermore, feed additives particularly probiotics have a positive effect on rumen development.

Keywords:

Nutrition, Calf, Probiotics, Rumen development,

PDF

___

1. Heinrichs J., 2005. Rumen development in the dairy calf. Adv Dairy Technol, 17, 179-187. 2. Heinrichs AJ., Jones CM., 2003. Feeding the newborn dairy calf. Pennstate University, Collage of Agricultural Sciences, Research and Cooperative Extension, CAT UD013, The Pennsylvania State University, 112 Agricultural Administration Building, University Park, PA 16802. 3. Coverdale JA., Tyler HD., Quigley III JD., Brumm JA., 2004. Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. J Dairy Sci, 87, 2554-2562. 4. Klein RD., Kincaid RL., Hodgson AS., Harrison JH., Hillers JK., Cronrath JD., 1987. Dietary fiber and early weaning on growth and rumen development of calves. J Dairy Sci, 70, 2095-2104. 5. Sarıpınar D., Sulu N., 2005. Ruminantlarda probiyotiklerin kullanımı ve rumene etkileri. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11, 93-98. 6. Lukas F., Koppova I., Kudrna V., Kopecny J., 2007. Postnatal development of bacterial population in the gastrointestinal track of calves. Folia Microbiol, 52, 99-107 7. Berends H., Van Reenen CG., Stockhofe-Zurwieden N., Gerrits WJJ., 2012. Effects of early rumen development and solid feed composition on growth performance and abomasal health in veal calves. J Dairy Sci, 95, 3190-3199. 8. Khan MA., Lee HJ., Lee WS., Kim HS., Kim SB., Ki KS., Park SJ., Ha JK., Choi YJ., 2007. Starch source evaluation in calf starter: I. Feed consumption, body weight gain, structural growth, and blood metabolites in Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 90, 5259–5268. 9. Laborde JM., 2008. Effects of probiotics and yeast culture on rumen development and growth of dairy calves. Ph. D. Thesis, Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, USA. 10. Gorka P., Kowalski ZM., Pietrzak P., Kotunia A., Jagusiak Ş., Zabielski R., 2011. Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development. J Dairy Sci, 94, 3002–3013. 11. Gorka P., Kowalski ZM., Pietrzak P., Kotunia A., Kiljanczyk R., Flaga J., Host JJ., Guilloteau P., Zabielski R., 2009. Effect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves. J Physiol Pharmacol, 60, 47-53. 12. Guilloteau P., Zabielski R., David JC., Blum JW., Morisset JA., Biernat M., Wolinski J., Laubitz D., Hamon Y., 2009. Sodium-butyrate as a growth promoter in milk replacer formula for young calves. J Dairy Sci, 92, 1038-1049. 13. Ergün A., Tuncer ŞD., Çolpan İ., Yalçın S., Yıldız G., Küçükersan MK., Küçükersan S., Şehu A., Sacaklı P., 2014. Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları. 1-776. Pozitif Matbacılık. Genişletilmiş 6. Baskı. Ankara. 14. Sakata T., Tamate H., 1979. Rumen epithelium cell proliferation accelerated by propionate and acetate. J Dairy Sci, 62, 49-52. 15. Baldwin RL., 1998. The proliferative actions of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, epidermal growth factor, butyrate and propionate on ruminal epithelial cells in vitro. Small Ruminant Res, 32, 261-268. 16. Argov-Argaman N., Eshel O., Moallem U., Lehrer H., Uni Z., Arieli A., 2012. Effects of dietary carbohydrates on rumen epithelial metabolism of nonlactating heifers. J Dairy Sci, 95, 3977-3986. 17. Jones C., Heinrichs J., 2007. Early weaning strategies. The Pennsylvania State University, Collage of Agricultural Sciences, Cooperative Extension. DAS, 07-117. 18. Anderson KL., Nagaraja TG., Morrill JL., 1987. Ruminal metabolic development in calves weaned conventionally or Early1. J Dairy Sci, 70, 1000-1005. 19. Montoro C., Miller-Cushon EK., De Vries TJ., Bach A., 2013. Effect of physical form of forage on performance, feeding behavior and digestibility of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 96, 1117-1124. 20. Suarez BJ., Van Reenen CG., Stockhofe N., Dijkstra J., Gerrits J., 2007. Effect of Roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J Dairy Sci, 90, 2390-2403. 21. Beharka AA., Nagaraja TG., Morrill JL., Kennedy GA., Klemm RD., 1998. Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci, 81, 1946-1955. 22. Mirzaei M., Khorvash M., Ghorbani GR., Kazemi‐Bonchenari M., Riasi A., Nabipour A., Borne JJGC., 2015. Effects of supplementation level and particle size of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 99, 553-564. 23. Türkmen İ., 2015. Buzağı beslenmesinde son gelişmeler. Yem Magazine, 73, 45-53. 24. Lesmeister KE., Heinrichs AJ., 2004. Effects of corn processing on growth characteristics, rumen development, and rumen parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 87, 3439-2450. 25. Suarez-Mena FX., Heinrichs AJ., Jones CM., Hill TM., Quigley JD., 2015. Digestive development in neonatal dairy calves with either whole or ground oats in the calf starter. J Dairy Sci, 98, 3417-3431. 26. Kosiorowska A., Puggaard L., Hedemann MS., Sehested J., Jensen SK., Kristensen NB., Kuropka P., Marycz K., Vestergaard M., 2011. Gastrointestinal development of dairy calves fed low- or high-starch concentrate at two milk allowances. Animal, 5, 211-219. 27. Wallace RJ., McEwan NR., McIntosh FM., Teferedegne B., Newbold CJ., 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 15, 1458-1468. 28. Gürsoy O., Kınık Ö., Gönen İ., 2005. Probiyotikler ve gastrointestinal sağlığa etkileri. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 35, 136-148. 29. Adams MC., Luo J., Rayward D., King S., Gibson R., Moghaddam GH., 2008. Selection of a novel direct-fed microbial to enhance weight gain in intensively reared calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 145, 41-52. 30. Lesmeister KE., Heinrichs AJ., Gabler MT., 2004. Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on rumen development, growth characteristics amd blood parameters in neonatal dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 88, 1832-1839. 31. Gaggia F., Mattarelli P., Biavati B., 2010. Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feding for safe food production. Int J Food Microbiol, 141, 515-528. 32. Güçlü-Kocaoğlu B., Kara K., 2009. Ruminant beslemede alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 6, 65-75. 33. Bilal T., Keser O., Abaş İ., 2008. Esansiyel yağların hayvan beslemede kullanılması. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 5, 41-50. 34. Muwalla MM., Haddad SG., Hijazeen MA., 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111, 255-258. 35. Titi HH., Tabbaa MJ., 2004. Efficacy of exogenous cellulase on digestibility in lambs and growth of dairy calves. Livest Prod Sci, 87, 207-214. 36. Pinos-Rodriguez JM., Gonzalez SS., Mendoza GD., Barcena R., Cobos MA., Hernandez A., Ortega ME., 2002. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa and rye-glass hay fed to lambs. J Anim Sci, 80, 3016-3020.