TÜRKİYE’DE DÖNGÜSEL GİRİŞİMLER: KEŞİFSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA
Dünya nüfusu çoğaldıkça ulusların lineer ekonomi anlayışını terk ederek, döngüsel bir ekonomi modeline geçiş yapmaları ihtiyacı artmaktadır. Bu yönde bir dönüşüm mevcut iş yapış biçimlerinin değişmesiyle olduğu kadar, yepyeni iş modellerinin kullanılmaya başlamasıyla da mümkün olacaktır. Uygulamada, döngüsel ekonomi anlayışıyla uyumlu bu yeni iş modellerinin hem mevcutta kurulu olan, hem de yeni kurulmuş işletmeler tarafından hayata geçirildiği görülmektedir. Bununla beraber, akademik çalışmalar çoğunlukla kurulu şirketlerin uygulamalarına odaklanagelmiştir. Bu yüzden yeni kurulan işletmelerin döngüsel uygulamalarının daha fazla incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle keşifsel bir çalışma olarak tasarlanan bu araştırma Türkiye’deki yeni kurulan şirketlerin döngüsel stratejilerine ve iş modellerine odaklanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 47 firma mercek altına alınarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de yeni kurulan döngüsel işletmelerin en çok Geri Dönüşüm stratejisini uyguladıkları görülmüştür. Bunu Yeniden Ele Alma stratejisi takip etmektedir. Bu şirketlerce uygulanan iş modellerine bakıldığında, en çok Ürünün Sonraki Hayatı- Kaynak Değerini Uzatmak ve Paylaşım Platformu iş modellerinin kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye’deki döngüsel işletmeler şu beş kategori altında toplanmaktadır: 1) Geri Dönüşüm Şirketleri, 2) Paylaşım Temelli Girişimler, 3) Geri Dönüştürülmüş Malzeme Kullanan Girişimler, 4) İkinci-el Pazaryeri Uygulamaları, 5) Atık Yönetim Platformları.
CIRCULAR START-UPS IN TURKEY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
As world population grows, the need for the transition to a circular economy from a linear one is increasing. Such a transition can be made possible through the conversion of existing business models as well as introduction of new, circular ones. When it comes to application, circular business models can be adopted by both existing companies and start-ups. Among these two, academic research has traditionally focused more on existing companies. Therefore, more studies are needed on circular economy related activities of start-ups. As an exploratory study, this research analyses circularity strategies and circular business models used by start-ups within Turkey. The analysis is based on the data collected from 47 companies. As a result, it is found that most frequently used circularity strategy by circular start-ups in Turkey is Recyling, followed by Rethinking. As for circular business models used these companies, it is observed that Next Life- Extending Resource Value and Collaborative Consumption- Sharing Platform models are most popular ones. Also it is suggested that circular start-ups in Turkey can be categorised under five categories as 1) Recycling Companies, 2) Sharing Based Endeavors, 3) Recycled Material Users, 4) Second-Hand Product Marketplaces, 5) Waste Management Platforms
___
- Balbay, Ş, Sarıhan, A. & Avşar, E. (2021). Circular economy / industrial sustainability approach in the
world and in Turkey. European Journal of Science and Technology, 27, 557 – 569.
- Bark, R., Neumann, C., Achimescu, A. & Van Wijk, D. (2017). Supporting the circular economy
transition: The role of the financial sector in Netherlands (Oliver Wyman report). Retrieved
October 18, 2021, from https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2017/sep/thecircular-economy.html.
- Bauwens, T., Mees, R., Gerardts, M., Van Dune, J., Friedl, H., Von Daniels, C., Teurlings, C., Brasz, M.,
Henry, M., Hekkert, M. & Kirchherr, J. (2019). Disruptors: How circular start-ups can accelerate
the circular economy transition. Utrecht, Holland: Utrecht University.
- Blau, A. & Janssen, C. (2020). Turkey country profile (Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable
Consumption and Production Report, 12.08.2020). Retrieved November 24, 2021, from https://
switchmed.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Turkey_Country-Profile.pdf.
- Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P. & Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop
sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65(2014), 42 – 56.
- Bocken, N. M. P., de Pauw, I., Bakker, C. & van der Grinten, B. (2016). Product design and business
model strategies for a circular economy. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 33(5),
308–320.
- Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Chiaroni, D., Del Vecchio, P. & Urbinati, A. (2019). Designing business
models in circular economy: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Business
Strategy and the Environment, 2020(29), 1734–1749.
- Circularity Gap Report (2021). Circle economy: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Retrieved November 25,
2021, from https://www.cea.org.cy/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/circularity-gap-report.pdf.
- Cullen, U. A. & De Angelis, R. (2021). Circular entrepreneurship: A business model perspective.
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 168(2021), 105300.
- Daou, A. Mallat, C., Chammas, G., Cerantola, N., Kayed, S. & Saliba, N. A. (2020). The Ecocanvas as a
business model canvas for a circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258(2020), 120938.
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2013). Towards the circular economy: Economic and business rationale for
an accelerated transition. Retrieved July, 17, 2021 from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.
org/assets/downloads/publications/Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation-Towards-the-CircularEconomy vol.1.pdf.
- Emil, D. (2021). Avrupa yeşil mutabakatı döngüsel ekonomi eylem planı Türk iş dünyasına neler
getirecek? (TUSIAD Report on Circular Economy). Retrieved November 20, 2021, https://tusiad.
org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/10790-avrupa-yesil-mutabakati-dongusel-ekonomi-eylem-planiturk-is-dunyasina-neler-getirecek.
- European Investment Bank. (2020). The EIB circular economy guide: Supporting the circular transition.
- Frosch, R. & Gallopoulos, N. (1989). Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American, 261(3), 144-153.
- Gedik, Y. (2020). Understanding the circular economy: A theoretical framework. Turkish Business
Journal, 1(2), 13 – 40.
- Gillabel, J., Manshoven, S., Grossi, F., Mortensen, L. F. & Coscieme, L. (2021). Business models in
a circular economy (Eionet Report - ETC/WMGE 2021/2). Boeratang, Belgium: European
Environment Agency, European Topic Centre on Waste and Materials in a Green Economy.
- Gries, T. & Naudé, W. (2008). Entrepreneurship and structural economic transformation. Small Business
Economics, 34(1).
- Güngör, E. (2019). To cycle or not to cycle: Towards a circular economy in Turkey (Netherlands
Enterprise Agency Report, July 2019). Retrieved November 26, 2021, from https://www.rvo.nl/
sites/default/files/2019/10/To-cycle-or-not-to-cycle.pdf.
- Hall, J. K., Daneke, G. A. & Lenox, M. J. (2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past
contributions and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2010), 439–448.
- Heshmati, A. (2015). A review of the circular economy and its implementation (Discussion Paper No.
9611). Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Henry, M., Bauwens, T., Hekkert, M. & Kirchherr, J. (2020). A typology of circular start-ups – Analysis
of 128 circular business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245(2020), 118528.
- Hockerts, K. & Wüstenhagen, R. (2010). Greening Goliaths versus emerging Davids - Theorizing about
the role of incumbents and new entrants in sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business
Venturing, 25(2010) 481–492.
- Hoogenstrijd, T. (2019). Entrepreneurship in the circular economy: The influence of vision and ambition
on motivation, growth and scalability. (Master’s Thesis). Accessed via Utrecht University Library.
- Hull, C. E., Millette, S. & Williams, E. (2021). Challenges and opportunities in building circular-economy
incubators: Stakeholder perspectives in Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296,
126412.
- Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. & Hekkert, M. (2017). Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114
definitions. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 127(2017), 221–232.
- Kirchherr, J., Piscicellia, L., Boura, R., Kostense-Smit, E., Muller, J. Huibrechtse-Truijens, A. &
Hekkerta, M. (2018). Barriers to the circular Economy: Evidence from the European Union (EU).
Ecological Economics, 150(2018), 264 – 272.
- Küçükaltan, B. (2020). Girişimciliğin değişerek gelişmesi: Sürdürülebilir girişimcilik ve döngüsel ekonomi
etkileşimi. İçinde N. Çolakoğlu, P. Daloğlu (ed.), Sosyal Bilimler Perspektifi ile Girişimcilik:
Kavramsal ve Sayısal Araştırmalar (ss.225 – 250). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Lahti, T., Wincent, J. & Parida, V. (2018). A definition and theoretical review of the circular economy,
value creation, and sustainable business models: Where are we now and where should research
move in the future? Sustainability, 10(2799).
- Mehrotra, S. & Jaladi, S. R. (2022). How start-ups in emerging economies embrace circular business
models and contribute towards a circular economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging
Economies, 14(5), 727 – 753.
- Millette, S., Hull, C. E. & Williams, E. (2020). Business incubators as effective tools for driving circular
economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266(2020), 121999.
- Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., Allen, J., Richardson, J. & Brannon, D. (2002). The entrepreneur’s business
model: Theoretical, conceptual and empirical foundation. Working paper, University of Hawaii
College of Business.
- Närvänen, E., Mattila, M. & Mesiranta, N. (2021). Institutional work in food waste reduction: Start-ups’
role in moving towards a circular economy. Industrial Marketing Management, 93(2021), 605 –
616.
- OECD. (2019). Business models for the circular economy: Opportunities and challenges for policy. Paris,
OECD Publishing.
- Oflaz, N. K. (2019). Paylaşım ekonomisi ve Türkiye üzerine bir değerlendirme. International Social
Sciences Studies Journal, 5(32), 1692 - 1705.
- Osterwalder, A. & Pigneur, Y. (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the
concept. Commun. AIS 15 (May).
- Osterwalder, A. & Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business model generation - A handbook for visionaries, game
changers, and challengers. Self-Published, Amsterdam.
- Özdoğan, O. N. & Özkul, E. (2020). Sharing economy: A research on participation intentions of Turkish
people. Journal of Yasar University, 2021, 16 (Special Issue), 82– 93.
- Özsoy, T. (2018). Circular economy: Summary of Germany case. Global Journal of Economics Economics
and Business Studies, 7(14), 129- 143.
- Petre, A. (2020). Entrepreneurship within the circular economy and the role of information and
communication technologies. Economica, 16(1), 34– 44.
- Pieroni, M. P. P., McAloone, T.C. & Pigosso, D.C. A. (2020). From theory to practice: Systematising and
testing business model archetypes for circular economy. Resources, Conservation & Recycling,
162(2020), 105029.
- Pollard, J., Osmani, M., Cole, C., Grubnic, S. & Colwill, J. (2021). A circular economy business
model innovation process for the electrical and electronic equipment sector. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 305(2021), 127211.
- Potting, J., Hekkert, M., Worrell, E. & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular economy: Measuring innovation
in the product chain (PBL Policy Report, publication number: 2544). PBL Netherlands
Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.
- Pretner, G., Darnall, N., Testa, F. & Iraldo, F. (2021). Are consumers willing to pay for circular products?
The role of recycled and second-hand attributes, messaging, and third-party certification.
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 175(2021), 105888.
- Reike, D., Vermeulen, W. J. V. & Witjes, S. (2018). The circular economy: New or refurbished as CE
3.0?—Exploring controversies in the conceptualization of the circular economy through a focus
on history and resource value retention options. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135,
246– 264.
- Richardson, J. (2008). The business model: An integrative framework for strategy execution. Strategic
Change, 17(56), 133 - 144.
- Rok, B. & Kulik, M. (2021). Circular start-up development: The case of positive impact entrepreneurship
in Poland. Corporate Governance, 21(2), 339 – 358.
- Salvador, R., Barros, M. V., da Luz, L. M., Piekarski, C. M. & de Francisco, A. C. (2020). Circular
business models: Current aspects that influence implementation and unaddressed subjects. Journal
of Cleaner Production 250(2020), 119555.
- Sariatli, F. (2017). Linear economy versus circular economy: A comparative and analyzer study for
optimization of economy for sustainability. Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable
Development, 6(1), 31 - 34.
- Steigertahl, L. & Mauer, R. (2018). EU start-up monitor. Report by ESCP Europe Jean-Baptiste Say
Institute for Entrepreneurship. Retrieved November 20, 2021 from http://start-upmonitor.eu/
EU-Start-up-Monitor-2018-Report-WEB.pdf.
- TUSIAD. (2021). Türkiye’de döngüsel ekonomiye geçiş: Uygulama etkinliğinin artırılmasına yönelik
öneriler. Declaration of Attitude by TUSIAD (May, 2021). Retrieved November 18, 2021, from
https://www.tusiad.org/tr/haberler/item/10832-turkiye-de-dongusel-ekonomiye-gecis-tutumbelgesi.
- Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D. & Chiesa, V. (2017). Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business
models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 168(2017), 487– 498.
- Urbinati, A., Rosa, P., Sassanelli, C., Chiaroni, D. & Terzi, S. (2020). Circular business models in the
European manufacturing industry: A multiple case study analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production
,274(2020), 122964.
- UNIDO. (2017). Circular economy. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
- Ünlütürk, Ş., Öztürk, P. K., Kardeş, S., Birdal, M., Saral, B., Aşıroğlu, B., Ergün, G. & Yokuş, P. P.
(2020). İşletmeler için döngüsel ekonomi rehberi: 2020 (Dcube Report). Retrieved November 27,
2021, from https://business4goals.org/PDF /Dongusel_Ekonomi_Rehberi.pdf.
- Varır, A. & Gürtepe, E. (2018). Döngüsel ekonominin ülkemiz açısından değerlendirilmesi. Standard,
662, 24– 37.
- Veleva, V. (2021). The role of entrepreneurs in advancing sustainable lifestyles: Challenges, impacts, and
future opportunities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 283(2021), 124658.
- Veleva, V. & Bodkin, G. (2018). Corporate-entrepreneur collaborations to advance a circular economy.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 188(2018), 20– 37.
- Veral, E. S. (2021). The circular economy: Barriers, strategies and business models. Ankara Üniversitesi
Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 7 – 18.
- Whalen, K. A. (2019). Three circular business models that extend product value and their contribution to
resource efficiency. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226(2019), 1128– 1137.
- World Economic Forum. (2014). Towards circular economy: Accelerating the scaleup across global
supply chains. Published in collaboration with Ellen Mac-Arthur Foundation and McKinsey &
Company. January 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_ENV_TowardsCircularEconomy_Report_2014.pdf.
- Zucchella, A. & Urban, S. (2019). Circular entrepreneurship: Creating responsible enterprise. Cham,
Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan.