Deniz ÇAKAR, Seçil Akıllı ŞİMŞEK, Tuncay CAN, Yakup Zekai KATIRCIOĞLU, Salih MADEN

Bolu ve İzmir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Kestane Ormanlarında Kestane Kanseri Etmeni Cryphonectria parasitica’nın Uyum Tiplerinin Tespiti ve Hipovirülenslik Değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmada İzmir ve Bolu yöresinden elde edilen izolatların vejetatif uyum tipleri ilgili standart yöntemler kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. İzmir yöresinden 2015 yılında 34, 2016 yılında 7 farklı köyde seçilen aktif kanserlerden örnekler toplanmış ve elde edilen 409 izolatın 255 tanesi Avrupa uyum tiplerinden EU-12, 154 tanesi EU-1 uyum tipi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Vejetatif uyum tiplerinin bölgedeki dağılımı ortaya konmuş ve bölgeden elde edilen izolatlar içerisinde hipovirülent izolata rastlanmamıştır. Bolu yöresinde Akçakoca, Düzce, Yığılca ve Gölyaka Orman İşletme Müdürlüklerine bağlı kestane sahalarından iyileşen kanserden elde edilen 76 adet izolattan 2 adedi Avrupa uyum tiplerinden EU-12, 72 adedi ise EU-1 olarak belirlenirken 2 adedinin uyum tipi saptanamamıştır. 76 İzolatın 38 adeti hipovirülent, 38 adetinin de virülent olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yörede hipovirülensliğin yaygın olması ve ağaçlarda kanserden dolayı iyileşmeler olmasına rağmen kestane ormanlarında kurumalar da gözlenmiştir. Bolu yöresinde hipovirülent Cryphonectria parasitica fenotiplerinin varlığı ve yayılmaların doğal koşullarda meydana gelmesi, kestane kanseri etmeninin biyolojik kontrolü için umut vericidir. Bununla birlikte İzmir yöresi için bölgede yaygın olduğu uyum tiplerinin tespiti biyolojik mücadele çalışmalarının stratejisi için önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kestane kanseri, Hipovirülent izolatlar, Vejetatif uyum

Determination of VC Types of Chestnut Canker Agent Cryphonectria parasitica and Evulation of Hyphovirulence in Chestnut Forest Areas in Bolu and Izmir Regional Directorates of Forestry

In this study, vegetative compatibility (vc) types of isolates obtained from İzmir and Bolu regions were determined using relevant standard methods. Out of 409 isolates obtained from active canker samples collected from the selected locations of 34 and 7 villages in İzmir in 2015 and 2016, respectively, 255 were found as EU-12 of the European Vegetative compatibility types while 154 samples were EU-1 vc type. The distribution of the vc types was revealed and natural hypovirulence was not found in this region. Seventy-six isolates were obtained from bark samples from healing cankers from the samples in Akçakoca, Düzce, Yığılca, and Gölyaka locations of Bolu Forestry Management Directories. Two of these samples belonged to EU-12 vc type, while 72 of them were EU-1. The remaining two isolates did not match any of the two vc types. Out of 76 isolates, 38 were found hypovirulent and 38 were virulent. Hypovirulence was so widespread in this region and in spite of the widespread hypovirulence drying of chestnut trees was also observed. The presence of hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica phenotypes and the occurrence of spreading under natural conditions in the Bolu region are promising for the biological control of chestnut cancer disease. For the İzmir region, determining the vc types that are common in the region is important for the strategy of biological control studies.

Keywords:

Chestnut blight, Hypovirulent isolates, Vegetative compatibility,

PDF

___

Allemann, C., Hoegger, P., Heiniger, U., & Rigling, D. (1999). Genetic variation of Cryphonectria hypoviruses (CHV1) in Europe, assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Molecular Ecology, 8(5), 843-854.
Akıllı, S. (2008). Karadeniz Bölgesinde kestane kanseri (C. parasitica)’nin biyolojik mücadelesi üzerine araştırmalar. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Ankara.
Akıllı, S., Katırcıoğlu Y. Z., & Maden S. (2009). Vegetative Compatibility Types of Cryphonectria parasitica, Chestnut Blight Agent, in Black Sea Region. Forest Pathology, 39(6), 390–396.
Akıllı, S., Ulubaş-Serçe Ç., Katırcıoğlu Y. Z., Maden S., & Rigling D. (2013). Characterization of hypovirulent isolates of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica from the Marmara and Black Sea regions of Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 135, 323-334.
Anagnostakis, S., (1977). Vegetative incompatibility in Endothia parasitica. Experimental Mycology, 1, 306–316. Anagnostakis, S. L., Hau, B., & Kranz, J. (1986). Diversity of vegetative compatibility groups of Cryphonectria parasitica in Connecticut and Europe. Plant Disease, 70, 536-538.
Anagnostakis, S. L. (1987). Chestnut blight- the classical problem of an introduced pathogen. Mycologia, 79, 23-37.
Anagnostakis, S. L. (2001). American chestnut sprout survival with biological control of the chestnut-blight fungus population. Forest Ecology and Management, 152(1-3), 225-233.
Barr, M. E. (1978). The Diaporthales in North America with emphasis on Gnomonia and its sagregates. Mycologia Memoir, 7, 1-232.
Bissegger, M., Rigling, D., & Heiniger, U. (1997). Population structure and disease development of Cryphonectria parasitica in European Chestnut forest in the presence of natural hypovirülence. Phytopathology, 87, 50-59.
Bryner, S. F., Sotirovski, K., Akıllı, S., Risteski, M., Perlerou, C., & Rigling, D. (2013). Informative value of canker morphology on the presence or absence of virus infection in chestnut blight cankers. Forest Pathology, 43(6), 496-504.
Coşkun, H., Turchettı, T., Maresi, G., & Santagada, A. (1999). Preliminary investigations into Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr) Barr isolates from Turkey. Phytopathology Mediterranean, 38, 101-110.
Çeliker, N. M., & Onoğur, E. (1998). Determining the hypovirulence in the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica [Murr.] Barr.) in Turkey. The Journal Turkish Phytopathology, 27, 145-146.
Çeliker, N. M., & Onoğur, E. (2009). Biological control of chestnut blight and prospect for future: Turkey as a case study. Acta Horticulturea, 815, 221-226.
Chung, P., Bedker, P. J., & Hillman, B. I. (1994). Diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica hypovirulence-associated double-stranded RNAs within a chestnut population in New Jersey. Phytopathology, 84(9), 984-990.
Daldal, M. (2015). İzmir, Manisa, Muğla ve Denizli illerinde Cryphonectria parasitica populasyonlarinin vejetatif uyum grupları ve mating tipler yönünden karakterizasyonu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın.
Döken, M. T., Açıkgöz, S., Erincik, Ö., & Ertan, E. (2004). Studies in the chestnut growing areas of Aydın-Turkey to determine the incidence of Cryphonectria parasitica (Murill) Barr infections (Chestnut Blight) and vegetative compatibility group diversity among the isolates. Türkiye 1. Bitki Koruma Kongresi, Samsun.
Elliott, K. J., & Swank, W. T. (2008). Long-term changes in forest composition and diversity following early logging (1919-1923) and the decline of American chestnut (Castanea dentata). Plant Ecology, 197, 155-172.
Enebak, S. A., MacDonald, W. L., & Hillman, B. I. (1994). Effect of dsRNA associated with isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica from the central Appalachians and their relatedness to other dsRNAs from North America and Europe. Phytopathology 84, 528-534.
Erincik, Ö., Özdemir, Z., Durdu, Ö. F., Döken, M. T., & Acikgöz, S. (2011). Diversity and spatial distribution of vegetative compatibility types and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica in the Aydın Mountains, Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 129, 555-566.
Evans, A. M., & Finkral, A. J. (2010). A new look at spread rates of exotic diseases in North American forests. Forest Science, 56, 453–459.
EPPO (2005). European and Mediterranean plant protection organization. Cryphonectria parasitica. EPPO Bulletin, 35, 295-298.
FAO (2014). Management of chestnut blight and for improving forest health and vitality (2012-2014), Report, TCP/TUR/615676.
FAOSTAT (2019). FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of The United Nation). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize. Erişim tarihi: 29 Aralık 2020
Fulbright, D. W., Weidlich, W. H., Haufler, K. Z., Thomas, C. S., & Paul, C. P. (1983). Chestnut blight and recovering American chestnut trees in Michigan. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61(12), 3164-3171.
Griffin, G. J. (1986). Chestnut blight and its control. Horticultural Reviews, 8, 291-336.
Griffin, G. J. (1999). Frequencies and spatial patterns of white hypovirulent and pigmented strains of Cryphonectria parasitica within blight‐controlled cankers on grafted American chestnut trees 15–16 years after inoculation. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 29(6), 377-390.
Griffin, G. J., Robbins N., Hogan, E. P., & Farıas-Santopıetro, G. (2004). Nucleotide sequence identification of Cryphonectria hypovirus infecting Cryphonectria parasitica on grafted American chestnut trees 12-18 years after inoculation with hypovirulent strain mixture. Forest Pathology, 34, 33-46.
Gürer, M., Turchetti, T., Biagioni, P., & Maresi, G. (2001). Assessment and characterisation of Turkish hypovirulent isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr) Barr. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 40, 265-275.
Heiniger, U., & Rigling, D. (1994). Biological control of chestnut blight in Europe. Annual Review Phytopathology, 32, 581–599.
Hillman, B. I., Tian, Y., Bedker, P. J., & Brown, M. P. (1992). A North American hypovirulent isolate of the chestnut blight fungus with European isolate-related dsRNA. Journal of General Virology, 73(3), 681-686.
Hillman, B. I., Halpern, B. T., & Brown, M. P. (1994). A viral dsRNA element of the chestnut blight fungus with a distinct genetic organization. Virology, 201(2), 241-250.
Jaynes, R. A., & Elliston, J. E. (1980). Pathogenicity and canker control by mixtures of hypovirülent strains of Endothia parasitica in American chestnut. Phytopathology, 70, 453-456.
Katırcıoğlu, Y. Z., Akıllı Şimşek, S., & Maden, S. (2017). Ege bölgesi kestane (Castanea sativa) alanlarında kurumalara neden olan Phytophthora türleri ve yaygınlıklarının belirlenmesi (2015-2017). Ankara Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Final Raporu. 15B0447002, Ankara.
Lee, S. H., Park, J. Y., Kim, K. H., & Lee, J. K. (2005). Characteristics of hyovirulent strains of chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica isolated in Korea. Proceedings of Third International Chestnut Congress. Acta Horticulture, 693, 611–616.
Liu, Y. C., Double, M. L., MacDonald, W. L., & Milgroom, M. G. (2002). Persistence of Cryphonectria hypoviruses after their release for biological control of chestnut blight in West Virginia forests. Forest Pathology, 32(6), 345-356.
Liu Y-C, Hillman BI, Linder-Basso D, Kaneko S, Milgroom MG. 2003. Evidence for interspecies transmission of viruses in natural populations of filamentous fungi in the genus Cryphonectria. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1619-1628.
Mangıl, E. (2017). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde kestane kanseri etmeni Cryphonectria parasitica’nın vejetatif uyum tipi çeşitliliğinde eşeyli üremenin rolü. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın.
Marra, R. E., & Milgroom, M. G. (1999). PCR amplification of the mating-type idiomorphs in Cryphonectria parasitica. Molecular Ecology, 8, 1947-1950.
Melzer, M. S., & Boland, G. J. (1999). CHV3-type dsRNAs and the GH2 genotype in a population of Cryphonectria parasitica in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 21(3), 248-255.
Milgroom, G. M., & Cortesi, P. (2004). Biological control of chestnut blight with hypovirulence; a critical analysis. Annual Review Phytopathology, 42, 311-338.
Myburg, H., Gryzenhout, M., Wingfield, B. D., Milgroom, M. G., Kaneko, S., & Wingfield, M. J. (2004). DNA sequence data and morphology define Cryphonectria species in Europe, China and Japan. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82, 89-98.
OGM (2014a). Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Kestane Eylem Planı 2013-2017.
OGM (2014b). FAO ve Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Kestane Hastalıklarına Karşı Standart Çalışma Yöntemleri 2014.
Peever, T. L., Liu Y., Cortesi, P., & Milgroom, M. G. (2000). Variation in tolerance and virulence in the chestnut blight fungus-hypovirus interaction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(11), 4863-4869.
Peever, T. L., Liu, Y. C., & Milgroom, M. G. (1997). Diversity of hypoviruses and other double-stranded RNAs in Cryphonectria parasitica in North America. Phytopathology, 87(10), 1026-1033.
Peever, T. L., Liu, Y. C., Wang, K., Hillman, B. I., Foglia, R., & Milgroom, M. G. (1998). Incidence and diversity of double-stranded RNAs occurring in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, in China and Japan. Phytopathology, 88(8), 811-817.
Perlerou, C., & Diamandis, S. (2006). Identification and geographic distribution of vegetative compatibility types of Cryphonectria parasitica and occurrence of hypovirulence in Greece. Forest Pathology, 36, 413–421.
Rigling, D., Heiniger, U., & Hohl, H. R. (1989). Reduction of laccase activity in ds-RNAcontaining hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica. Phytopathology, 79, 219-223.
Rigling, D., & Prospero, S. (2018). Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. Molecular Plant Pathology, 19(1), 7–20.
Roane, M. K., Griffin, G. J., & Elkins, J. R. (1986). Chestnut blight, other Endothia diseases, and the genus Endothia. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.