Workplace Aggression and Violence

Şiddet, toplum tarafından yaygın olarak yalnızca fiziksel saldırı olarak görülse de, aslında çok daha geniş bir soruna işaret etmektedir. Bu sorun sosyal hayatta olduğu kadar işyerlerinde de gözlemlenebilmektedir. İşyerinde şiddet, sözlü tacizden işteki veya belirli bir roldeki kişilere yönelik fiziksel saldırıya kadar değişen bir şiddet eylemi veya tehdididir. İşyerinde şiddet, bir kişinin çalışırken istismara uğradığı, tehdit edildiği, korkutulduğu veya saldırıya uğradığı herhangi bir eylem olarak tanımlanabilir. İşyerinde şiddetin sonuçları psikolojik sorunlardan fiziksel yaralanmaya ve hatta ölüme kadar değişebilir. Şiddet her işyerinde meydana gelebilir ve her türlü çalışanı hedef alabilir. Ayrıca işyerinde şiddet, geleneksel anlamda meydana gelen olaylarla sınırlı olmayıp, işyeri dışındaki işle ilgili işlevlerde, işle ilgili sosyal etkinliklerde veya telefon görüşmeleri veya e-postalar gibi işle ilişkili ancak iş yerinden fiziki olarak uzak yerlerde de ortaya çıkabilir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada ise alan yazın çalışmalarına dayalı olarak işyerinde şiddete yönelik kavramsal bir çerçeve sunulması, işyerinde şiddete yol açan faktörlerin, işyerinde şiddetin sonuçlarının ve işyerinde şiddete ilişkin alınabilecek önlemlerin vurgulanarak konuya dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

şiddet, iş yeri şiddeti, agresyon, iş yeri agresyonu, çalışan sağlığı, çalışan iyi oluşu

Workplace Aggression and Violence

Although violence is widely regarded as only physical attack by the society, it actually points to a much broader problem. This problem can be observed in workplaces as well as in social life. Workplace violence is an act or threat of violence that ranges from verbal abuse to physical assault against persons at work or in a particular role. Workplace violence can be defined as any act in which a person is abused, threatened, intimidated or attacked while working. The consequences of workplace violence can range from psychological problems to physical injury and even death. Workplace violence can occur in any workplace and can target any type of employee. In addition, workplace violence is not limited to events that occur in the traditional sense, but can also occur at work-related functions outside the workplace, at work-related social events, or for reasons that originate from work but are away from work, such as phone calls or e-mails. In this study, it is aimed to present a conceptual framework for workplace violence based on literature information, to draw attention to the subject by emphasizing the factors that lead to workplace violence, the consequences of workplace violence and the measures that can be taken regarding workplace violence.

Keywords:

violence, workplace violence, aggression, workplace aggression, employee health, employee wellbeing,

PDF

___

Alkorashy, H. A., & Al Moalad, F. B. (2016). Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital. International Nursing Review, 63(2), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12242
Allen, J.J., & Anderson, C.A. (2017). Aggression and violence: Definitions and distinctions. Anderson, S. J., & Lafasto, J. (2010). The impact of customer mistreatment on service employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018633
Aytac, S., Bozkurt, V., Bayram, N., Yildiz, S., Aytac, M., Akinci, F. S., & Bilgel, N. (2011). Workplace violence: a study of Turkish workers. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics: JOSE, 17(4), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2011.11076902
Baldwin, A. J., Laschinger, S. Spence, & Workman, L. (2018). The impact of workplace violence on nurses: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(3), 471-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13485
Baumeister, A., & Cross, D. (2017). Cyberbullying in schools: A research review. Education and Health, 35(2), 57-62.
Baumeister, A., Cross, D., & Shoss, M. K. (2020). Cyberbullying and mental health: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescence, 75, 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.002
Barling, J., & Rosen, C. (2021). Workplace aggression: Causes and consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(3), 259-278.
Bernaldo-De-Quirós, M., Piccini, A.T., Gómez, M.M. & Cerdeira, J.C. (2015). Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: Cross sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52, 260-270.
Boyle, M.J. & Wallis, J. (2016). Working towards a defnition for workplace violence actions in the health sector. Safety in Health, 2(1),1-6.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2019). Workplace Violence in the Health Care Industry. Retrieved February 5, 2023 from https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cftb0247.pdf
Chen, J., & Chan, D. (2021). Workplace aggression in the hospitality industry: Antecedents and outcomes. Tourism Management, 77, 104-116.
Cole, L. L., P. Grubb, S.L. Sauter, N.G. Swanson & P. Lawless. (1997). Psychosocial correlates of harassment, threats and fear of violence in the workplace. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 23 (6), 450–457.
Cooper, C., & Swanson, N. (2002). Workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization, World Health Organization, International Council of Nurses.
Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2021). Verbal aggression in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical foundations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 181-206.
Dalvand, S., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Najafi, F., Zahednezhad, H. & Sayehmiri, K. (2018). The prevalence of workplace violence against iranian nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(9), e65923 https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65923
Di Martino, V. & Musri, M. (2001). Guidance for the prevention of stress and violence at the workplace. In Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia and International Labour Organization.
Dursun, S. & Aytaç, S. (2021). The prevalence of violence against healthcare workers in Turkey and employee job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(6), 1607-1610.
Einarsen, S. (1999). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the European and North American literature. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 15(2), 165-184.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-39). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Zapf, D., Porrúa, C., & Martín-Peña, J. (2009). Perceived severity of various bullying behaviours at work and the relevance of exposure to bullying. Work & Stress, 23(3), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903293251
Fischer, T., Van Reemst, L., & De Jong, J. (2016). Workplace aggression toward local government employees: target characteristics. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(1), 30-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-05-2015-0100
Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J. & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17, 425-445. https://doi.org /10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
Fitzroy, P., & Maertz, C. P. (2020). Sexual harassment in the workplace: Prevalence, consequences, and responses. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(7), 1083-1104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520903500
Forde, J. R., & Kuznekoff, J. H. (2020). Customer aggression in service encounters: A review and meta-analysis of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Service Research, 23(1), 3-27.
Gerberich, S. G., Church, T. R., McGovern, P. M., Hansen, H. E., Nachreiner, N. M., Geisser, M. S., Ryan, A. D., Mongin, S. J., & Watt, G. D. (2004). An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study. Occupational and environmental medicine, 61(6), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.007294
Gilliland, S. L., Agle, C. C., & Shaw, B. R. (2015). The nature and consequences of psychological aggression in the workplace. Journal of Management, 41(1), 166-195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313503731
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
Haddaway, N. R., Collins, A. M., Coughlin, D., Kirk, S., & Theivendran, V. (2018). The role of Google Scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PloS One, 13(5), e0196139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196139
Heckemann, B., Zeller, A., Hahn, S., Dassen, T., Schols, J. & Halfens, R. (2015). The effect of aggression management training programmes for nursing staff and students working in an acute hospital setting: A narrative review of current literature. Nurse Education Today, 35, 212-219.
Hodge, J. R. (2019). Criminal intent: An essential element of most crimes. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 109(3), 709-740.
Hogh, A., Mkkelsen, E. G., & Hansen, A. M. (2011). Individual consequences of workplace bullying/mobbing. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Workplace bullying: Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 107-128). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
Horgan, J., & Mullen, P. E. (2016). Customer aggression: Review, theory, and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 27-40.
Hogh, A., Hansen, A.M., Mikkelsen, E. G., & Persson, R. (2012). Exposure to negative acts at work, psychological stress reactions and physiological stress response. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.04.00
ILO (2020). Şiddet ve tacizle mücadele işyeri politika belgesi. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_865042.pdf
ILO (2021). Violence and Harrasment in the world of work. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_814507.pdf
International Association of Chiefs of Police (2020). Workplace Violence in Law Enforcement.https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/Workplace%20Violence%20in%20Law%20Enforcement%20A%20Guide%20for%20Prevention.pdf
Lavelle, L. M., & Dipboye, R. A. (2017). Passive aggression in the workplace: the role of personality and perceived organizational support. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(4), 431-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9441-1
Lavelle, L. M., Dipboye, R. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2019). Passive aggressive behavior in organizations: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(5), 844-861. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000366
Lee, C. H., Chen, H. C., Chang, C. C., & Hsu, Y. C. (2017). Intimate partner violence and workplace outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of Occupational Health, 59(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.16-0083-OA
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119
Lippel, S. J., & Fairburn, L. K. (2019). Domestic violence and workplace productivity: a systematic review. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(15), 2645-2666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517713126
Löfgren Nilsson, M. & H. Örnebring. (2016). Journalism under threat: Intimidation and harassment of Swedish journalists. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 880–890.
Magnavita, N., Heponiemi, T., & Chirico, F. (2020). Workplace violence is associated with impaired work functioning in nurses: An Italian cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(3), 281–291.
Manier, A. O., Kelloway, E. K., & Francis, L. (2017). Damaging the workplace: Consequences for people and organizations. In N. A. Bowling & M. S. Hershcovis (Eds.), Research and theory on workplace aggression (pp. 62-89). Cambridge University Press.
Namie, A., & Namie, W. (2021). Cyberbullying in the workplace: a review of the literature. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(1), 91-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09550-x
National Association of Social Workers (2022). Protecting social workers and health professionals from workplace violence act. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=KC9ZuSiXjkk%3d&portalid=0
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2002). Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2015). Preventing workplace violence: A roadmap for healthcare facilities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2015-106/pdfs/2015-106.pdf
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2022). Workplace Violence. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/violence/default.html
Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.128
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2011). The nature and causes of bullying in the workplace. The Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective, 41-58.
Nielsen, M.B. & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309-32.
Nielsen, M. B. & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71-83.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. (2004). Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Healthcare and Social Service Workers. Retrieved February 5, 2023 from https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3148.pdf
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. (2015). Workplace violence prevention. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3148.pdf
Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. Workplace Violence. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence/
Olsson, A. & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nature neuroscience, 10(9), 1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1968
Peek-Asa, C. (2001). Workplace violence in municipal occupations. Occupational Medicine, 16(1), 109-123.
Pinar, T., Acikel, C., Pinar, G., Karabulut, E., Saygun, M., Bariskin, E., Guidotti, T. L., Akdur, R., Sabuncu, H., Bodur, S., Egri, M., Bakir, B., Acikgoz, E. M., Atceken, I., & Cengiz, M. (2017). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector in Turkey: A National Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(15), 2345–2365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515591976
Priesemuth, M., Mitchell, M., & Folger, R. (2017). Third-party reactions to workplace aggression. In N. Bowling & M. Hershcovis (Eds.), Research and theory on workplace aggression (pp. 156-185). Cambridge University Press.
Roche, M., Diers, D., Duffield, C., & Catling-Paull, C. (2010). Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. Journal of nursing scholarship: an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 42(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x
Rodwell, J. & Demir, D. (2012) Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses. International Nursing Review, 59, 539-546.
Salami, S. O., Adewole, A. O., & Adeyemo, D. A. (2017). Workplace aggression: Types, antecedents and consequences. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(9), 1-7.
Schat, A. C., Kelloway, E. K., & McDougall, P. (2000). The experience of workplace bullying: A concept analysis. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 32(2), 67-82.
Sinclair, R. C., & Pick, D. F. (2021). The effectiveness of sexual harassment training: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 87, 548-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01313-
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 227-234.
Spector, P.E., Zhou, Z.E., & Che, X.X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
Teferralikassa, & Jira, C. (2014). Assessment of the prevalence and predictors of workplace violence against nurses working in referral hospitals of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. JIMS8M: The Journal of Indian Management & Strategy, 20, 61-64.
Ten Velden, F. P., Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (2007). The prevalence and consequences of workplace aggression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 557-579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.557
Törner, J. L., & Sverke, M. (2015). A review of customer aggression in service settings: antecedents, outcomes, and interventions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(2), 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.865972
US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2021). Fatal Occupational Injuries by Selected Event or Exposure, 2019. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf
Vartia M. A. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.588
World Health Organization (WHO). (2002). Workplace violence in the health sector: Country case studies Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand and an additional Australian study. https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/interpersonal/en/WVsynthesis.pdf
WHO: Framework Guidelines for Addressing Workplace Violence in the Health Sector, Geneva.https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/interpersonal/en/WVguidelinesEN.pdf.
Woelfle, C.Y. & McCaffrey, R. (2007). Nurse on nurse. Nursing Forum, 42, 123-131.
Workplace Bullying Institute (2021). Workplace Bullying Survey Results. https://www.workplacebullying.org/wbiresearch/wbi-us-national-survey-results/
Zeng, J. Y., An, F. R., Xiang, Y. T., Qi, Y. K., Ungvari, G. S., Newhouse, R., Yu, D. S., Lai, K. Y., Yu, L. Y., Ding, Y. M., Tang, W. K., Wu, P. P., Hou, Z. J., ve Chiu, H. F. (2013). Frequency and risk factors of workplace violence on psychiatric nurses and its impact on their quality of life in China. Psychiatry Research, 210(2), 510–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.013
Zhou, J., & Li, J. (2021). The impact of verbal aggression on employee outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(5), 465-480.,
Yang, L-Q., Spector, P.E., Chang, C-HD., Gallant-Roman, M. & Powell, J. (2012) Psychosocial precursors and physical consequences of workplace violence towards nurses: A longitudinal examination with naturally occurring groups in hospital settings. Interna