Sedef EYLEMER, İmren ALAKUŞ

459

İNŞACILIK ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN İRAN NÜKLEER KRİZİNE YAKLAŞIMI

İranın nükleer programı, uluslararası alanda tartışmalara neden olmuştur. Avrupa Birliği (AB), İran nükleer krizi çözüm sürecinde aktif olarak yer almıştır. Birlik, İranın nükleer programına kuşkuyla yaklaş- mış ve İranın nükleer programını barışçıl sınırlarda tutmanın yollarını aramıştır. AB, İran nükleer krizinde diplomasi aracına ağırlık vermiştir. Bu kapsamda, İran ile çok sayıda görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Fakat görüş- meler tıkanma noktasına geldiğinde, İran dosyası Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyine (BMGK) gönderilerek krizde farklı bir evreye ge- çilmiştir. Bu dönemde de AB, diplomasi aracını etkili bir şekilde kullanmıştır. İnşacı kuram aracılığıyla ABnin İran nükleer krizine yönelik yaklaşımı yorumlanabilmektedir. İnşacı yaklaşım, aktörlerin kimlikleri temelinde dış dünyayı algıladıklarını ve araçlarını buna göre belirlediklerini ileri sürmüştür. AB de sahip olduğu kimliği temelinde krize diğer aktörlerden farklı yaklaşmıştır.

THE EU S APPROACH TO THE IRANIAN NUCLEAR CRISIS WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTIVIST FRAMEWORK

Iran s nuclear program has long been the subject of debate in the international arena. Here, the EU has been a particularly active participant in the process aimed at resolving the Iranian nuclear crisis, approaching Iran s nuclear program with suspicion while seeking ways to keep it within peaceful limits. To achieve this, the EU has employed a diplomatic focus, engaging in several rounds of negotiations with Iran. However, when negotiations ultimately reached a deadlock, the Iranian issue was brought to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and a different phase of the crisis came into being. During this period as well, the EU was able to effectively employ its means of diplomacy. Within this essay, the EU s approach to the Iranian nuclear crisis will be interpreted by way of constructivist theory, the core tenant of which contends that actors perceive the external world based on their identities and determine the best course of action according thereto. In this way, it will be argued that the EU has approached the Iranian nuclear crisis differently from other actors on the grounds of its identity.
PDF

___

  • “A Short History of the IAEA”, IAEA, _____http://www.iaea.org/About/history.html>, (Eri- şim Tarihi: 07 Haziran 2015).
  • Adebahr, Cornelius, “A Plan B, C and D for an EU policy towards Iran”, European Policy Centre-Policy Brief, 2013.
  • Adler, Emanuel, Handbook of International Relations, (Londra: Sage Publications, 2002).
  • Adler, Emanuel, “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivisim in World Politics”, European Journal of International Relations, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 3, 1997, ss. 319-363
  • Akbaş, Zafer ve Adem Baş, “İran’ın Nükleer Enerji Politikası ve Yansımaları”, History Studies, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 2, 2013, ss. 21-44.
  • Amini, Armin, “An Analysis of Iran-EU Ties: A Constructivist Perspective”, Discourse: An Iranian Quarterly, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 2, 2004, ss. 109-120.
  • Baghat, Gawdat, “The Iranian Nuclear Crisis: An Assesment”, Parameters, Cilt: 43, Sayı: 2, 2013, ss. 67-76.
  • Bancoff, Thomas, “Germany’s European Policy: A Constructivist Perspective”, (Program for the Study of Germany and Europe Working Paper, 1997).
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever ve Jaap De Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, (Boulder- Londra: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
  • Campbell, David, Writing Security: The United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992).
  • Castells, Manuel, The Power of Identity, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).
  • Checkel, Jeffery T., “Social Constructivisms in Global and European Politics: A Review Essay”, Review of International Studies, British International Studies Association, Cilt: 30, Sayı: 2, 2004, ss. 229-244.
  • “Communication dated 8 August 2005 received from the Resident Representative of France, Germany and the United Kingdom to the Agency”, International Atomic Energy Association, 8 Ağustos 2005.
  • “Conclusions of the Presidency”, EU, 11-12 Aralık 1992, _____http://aei.pitt. edu/1445/1/1445.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union”, Official Journal of the European Union, 30 Mart 2010, _____http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ ALL/?uri=OJ:C:2010: 083:TOC>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • Cordesman, Anthony H ve R. Al-Rodhan Khalid, “Iranian Nuclear Weapons? The Uncertain Nature of Iran’s Nuclear Programs”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2006.
  • Dadandish, Parvin, “Iran-Europe Relations: A Diagnostic Analysis”, Iranian Review Foreign Analysis, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 1, 2012, ss. 57-88.
  • Dawson, Julian, “A Constructivist Approach to the US-Iranian Nuclear Problem”, (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Calgary, 2011).
  • Demirtaş, Birgül, “İnşacılık”, içinde Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı (Der.), Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, (İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014).
  • Derrida, Jacques, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today’s Europe, Çev. P. Barult ve N. B. Haas, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
  • Diez, Thomas, “Europe’s Others and the Return of Geopolitics”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Cilt: 17, Sayı: 2, 2004, ss. 319-335.
  • Ekinci, Arzu Celalifer, İran Nükleer Krizi, (Ankara: USAK Yayınları, 2009).
  • “Elements of a Proposal to Iran as Approved on 1 June 2006 at the Meeting in Vienna of China, France, Germany, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the Unites States of America and the European Union“, Europa, _____http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/90569.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • Eisenhower, Dwight D., “Atoms for Peace Speech”, IAEA, 8 Aralık 1953, _____https://www. iaea.org/about/history/atoms-for-peace-speech>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • Ertem, Helin Sarı, “Kimlik ve Güvenlik İlişkisine Konstrüktivist bir Yaklaşım: ‘Kimliğin Güvenliği’ ve ‘Güvenliğin Kimliği’”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 16, 2012, ss. 177-237.
  • “EU’s Approach to Iran”, Europa, 10 Mart 2011, _____http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ SPEECH-11-160_en.htm?locale=en>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Europe’s global role-What next steps?”, Europa, 11 Temmuz 2009, _____http://glf.ywd.ca/ index.cfm?id=29429>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • Finnemore, Martha, National Interests in International Society, (Ithaca ve Londra: Cornell University Press, 1996).
  • “Full Text: Iran Declaration”, BBC, 21 Ekim 2003.
  • Giumelli, Francesco ve Paul Ivan, “The Effectiveness of EU Sanctions: An Analysis of Iran, Belarus, Syria and Myanmar”, EPC Issue Paper, Sayı: 76, 2013.
  • Haglund, David G., “Oil as a Factor in U.S. Policy toward the Middle East”, içinde Paul Marantz ve Blema S. Steinberg (Der.), Superpower Involvement in The Middle East: Dynamics of Foreign Policy, (Londra: Westview Press, 1985).
  • Hareld, Scott ve Alireza Nader, “China and Iran”, The RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy, 2012.
  • Heradstveit, Daniel ve G. Matthew Bonham, “What the Axis of Evil Metaphor Did to Iran”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 61, Sayı: 3, 2007, ss. 421-440.
  • Hopf, Ted, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory”, International Security, Cilt: 23, Sayı: 1, 1998, ss. 171-200.
  • Hurd, Ian, The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)
  • “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Resolution adopted by the Board”, International Atomic Energy Association, 4 Şubat 2006.
  • “Iranian Nuclear Deal Raises Fears”, The Wall Street Journal, 17 Mayıs 2010.
  • “Iran’s Nuclear Programme”, European External Action Service, _____http://eeas.europa. eu/iran/nuclear_en.htm>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Iran nuclear project forges ahead”, BBC News, 26 Ağustos 2006.
  • “Iran Resumes Uranium Enrichment”, the Guardian, 8 Ağustos 2005.
  • “Iran’s Nuclear History from the 1950s to 2005”, Institute for Science and International Security, 17 Nisan 2013, http://www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/Iran_Nuclear_History.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • İşyar, Ömer Göksel “Uluslararası Politikada Krizlerin Tanımlanması ve Yönetimi”, içinde İdris Bal (Der.), Değişen Dünyada Uluslararası İliskiler: Uluslararası Siyaset, Uluslararası Hukuk, Temel Sorunlar, (Ankara: Lalezar Kitapevi, 2008).
  • “Joint Statement by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini and Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif”, Europa, 2 Nisan 2015.
  • “Joint Declaration by Iran, Turkey and Brazil”, The Guardian, 17 Mayıs 2010.
  • Karacasulu, Nilüfer, “Avrupa Entegrasyon Kuramları ve Sosyal İnşacı Yaklaşım”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 9, 2007, ss. 82-100.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, Ali L., “Nükleer Stratejinin İlk On Yılı”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 51, Sayı: 1, 1996, ss. 323-346.
  • Katzenstein, Peter, Cultural Norms and National Security, (Ithaca ve Londra: Cornell University Press, 1996).
  • Katzman, Kenneth, “Iran Sanctions”, Congressional Research Service Report, 2013. Katzman, Kenneth, “Iran, Gulf Security, and US Policy”, Congressional Research Service Report, 2015.
  • Kaussler, Bernd, “From Engagement to Containment: EU-Iran Relations and Nuclear Programme, 1992-2011”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Cilt: 14, Sayı: 1, 2012, ss. 53-76.
  • Kratochwill, Friedrich V., Rules, Norms and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Society, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
  • Kaya, Sezgin, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivist Yaklaşımlar”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 63, Sayı: 3, 2008, ss. 83-111.
  • Kibaroğlu, Mustafa, “Good for the Shah, Banned for the Mullahs: The West and Iran’s Quest for Nuclear Power”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 60, Sayı: 2, 2006, ss. 207-232.
  • Kibaroğlu, Mustafa, “İran’ın Nükleer Programı ve Türkiye”, Bilgesam, 10 Temmuz 2013. Kibaroğlu, Mustafa, “İran Nükleer Bir Güç mü Olmak İstiyor?”, Avrasya Dosyası - İran Özel, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 3, 1999, ss. 271-282.
  • Kienzle, Benjamin, “The Role of İdeas in EU Responses to International Crises: Comparing the Cases of Iraq and Iran”, Cooperation and Conflict, Cilt: 48, Sayı: 3, 2013, ss. 424-443.
  • Talha Köse, İran Nükleer Programı ve Ortadoğu Siyaseti: Güç Dengeleri ve Diplomasinin İmkanları, (Ankara: SETA Yayınları, 2008).
  • Kuloğlu, Armağan, “İran’ın Nükleer Enerji Çıkmazı, Gelişmeler ve Türkiye”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 19-20, 2010, ss. 59-67.
  • Laşan, Nicoleta, “European Union Intervention in the Iranian Crisis-A Sociological Institutionalist Perspective”, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Cilt: 14, Sayı: 1, 2014, ss. 49-67.
  • Manners, Ian, “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt: 40, Sayı: 2, 2002, ss. 235-258.
  • Manners, Ian, “The Normative Ethics of the European Union”, International Affairs, Cilt: 84, Sayı: 1, 2008, ss. 45-60.
  • Manners, Ian, “The European Union as a Normative Power: A Response to Thomas Diez”, Millennium- Journal of International Studies, Cilt: 35, Sayı: 1, 2006, ss. 167- 180.
  • Masoud Mousavi Shafaee, Seyed, “A Constructivist View into the Enmity between Iran & the West: Manifestation of the Islamic Revolution Identity in Iranian Foreign Policy Behavior”, Geopolitics Quarterly, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 4, 2010, ss. 199-217.
  • Meier, Oliver, “European Efforts to Solve the Conflict over Iran’a Nuclear Programme: How has the European Union Performed?”, Non-Proliferation Papers, Sayı: 27, 2013.
  • Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics among Nations the Struggle for Power and Peace, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993)
  • Noi, Aylin Ünver, “Iran’s Nuclear Program: The EU Approach to Iran in Comprison the US Approach”, Perceptions, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 1, 2005, ss. 79-102.
  • Nugroho, Ganjar, “Constructivism and International Relations Theories”, Global and Strategis, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 1, 2008, ss. 85-98.
  • Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood, World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, (Güney Karolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1989).
  • Orlov, Vladimir A. ve Alexander Vinikov, “The Great Guessing Game: Russia and the Iranian Nuclear Issue”, The Washington Quarterly, Cilt: 28, Sayı: 2, 2005, ss. 49-66.
  • Oye, Kenneth, “Explaining Cooperation Under Anarchy” içinde Kenneth Oye (Der), Cooperation Under Anarchy, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).
  • Önder, Ersoy, “Uluslararası Bir Sorun Olarak İran’ın Nükleer Programının Analizi ve Ortadoğu Ülkelerine Etkileri”, (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2013).
  • Özkul, İsmet, “İran nükleer anlaşması Türkiye’ye ne getirir ne götürür?”, Dünya, 26 Kasım 2013.
  • Posch, Walter, “The EU and Iran: A Tangled Web of Negotiations”, Institute for Security Studies, 2006, ss. 99-115.
  • “Relying on Computer, U.S. Seeks to Prove Iran’s Nuclear Aims”, the New York Times, 13 Kasım 2005.
  • “Remarks by Alireza Jafarzadeh on New Information on Top Secret Projects of the  Iranian Regime’s Nuclear Program”, Iran Watch, 14 Ağustos 2002.
  • “Resolution 1696”, United Nations Security Council, _____https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/unsc_res1696-2006.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Resolution 1737”, United Nations Security Council, _____http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/ doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/681/42/PDF/N0668142.pdf?OpenElement>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Resolution 1747”, United Nations Security Council, _____http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/ doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/281/40/PDF/N0728140.pdf?OpenElement>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • ”Resolution 1803”, United Nations Security Council, _____http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iaeairan/unsc_res1803-2008.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Resolution 1929”, United Nations Security Council, _____http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iaeairan/unsc_res1929-2010.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • Reus-Smit, Christian, “Konstrüktivizm” içinde Andrew Linklater ve Scott Burchill (Der.), Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, (İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2013).
  • Ruggie, John Gerard, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization, (Londra: Routledge, 1998).
  • Rumelili, Bahar “İnşacılık/Konstrüktivizm”, içinde Evren Balta (Der.), Küresel Siyasete Giriş Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kavramlar, Teoriler, Süreçler, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık, 2014), ss. 151-173.
  • Rumelili, Bahar, “Avrupa Birliği ve Bölgesel İhtilafların Çözümü”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 16, Kış 2007-2008, ss. 51-78.
  • Sanger, David E., “As Deadline Nears for an Iran Nuclear Pact, the Fingers are Pointing”, New York Times, 2 Temmuz 2014.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank ve Ulrich Sedelmeier, “Candidate Countries and Conditionality”, içinde Paolo Graziano ve Maarten P. Vink (Der.), Europeanization New Research Agendas, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), ss. 88-101.
  • Shafaee, Seyed Masoud Mousavi, “A Constructivist View into the Enmity between Iran & the West: Manifestation of the Islamic Revolution Identity in Iranian Foreign Policy Behavior”, Geopolitics Quarterly, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 4, 2010, ss. 199-217.
  • Stanton Jr, Samuel S, “What Are We Making? The Constructivist Approach to International Relations Theory”, (Arkansas Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Jonesboro, AR, Şubat 2002).
  • Tabrizi, Aniseh Bassiri ve Ruth Hanau Santini, “EU Sanctions against Iran: New Wine in Old Bottles?”, ISPI Analysis, Sayı: 97, 2012.
  • Temurçin, Kadir ve Alpaslan Aliağaoğlu, “Nükleer Enerji ve Tartışmalar Işığında Enerji Türkiye’de Nükleer Gerçeği”, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı: 2, 2003, ss. 25- 39.
  • “Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, _____http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPT.shtml>, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2015).
  • “Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”, UN, _____http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/pdf/NPTEnglish_Text.pdf>, (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2015).
  • “Text of President Bush’s 2002 State of the Union Address”, Washinghton Post, 2 Ocak 2002.
  • Udum, Şebnem, “Türkiye’nin İran Nükleer Meselesindeki Siyaseti”, Ortadoğu Analiz, Cilt: 4, Sayı: 43, 2012, ss. 98-107.
  • “Uranium Conversion”, Federation of American Scientists, _____http://fas.org/programs/ ssp/nukes/fuelcycle/conversion.html>, (Erişim tarihi: 18 Haziran 2015).
  • “Uranium Enrichment”, World Nuclear Association, _____http://www.worldnuclear.org/ info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Conversion-Enrichment-and-Fabrication/UraniumEnrichment/>, (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Haziran 2015).
  • “US accuses Iran of secret nuclear weapons plan”, the Guardian, 14 Aralık 2002. Yurdusev, A. Nuri, “Avrupa Kimliğinin Oluşumu ve Türk Kimliği”, içinde Atilla Eralp (Der.), Türkiye ve Avrupa Batılılaşma, Kalkınma ve Demokrasi, (Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1997), ss.17-85.
  • Walt, Stephen M., “International Relations: One World, Many Theories”, Foreign Policy, Sayı: 110, Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge, 1998, ss. 29-32 ve 34-46.
  • Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979). Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Cilt: 46, Sayı: 2, 1992, ss. 391-425.
  • Wendt, Alexander, “Constructing International Politics,” International Security, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 1, 1995, ss. 71-81.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
  • Wendt, Alexander, Uluslararası Siyasetin Sosyal Teorisi, Çev. Helin Sarı Ertem, (İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2012).
  • Wise, Krysta, “Islamic Revolution of 1979: The Downfall of American-Iranian Relations”, Legacy, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 1, 2011.
Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika-Cover
  • ISSN: 1305-5208
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 5 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2018
  • Yayıncı: Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

İÇ-BÖLGESEL-KÜRESEL DİNAMİKLER BAĞLAMINDA UKRAYNA KRİZİ

Habibe ÖZDAL

İNŞACILIK ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN İRAN NÜKLEER KRİZİNE YAKLAŞIMI

Sedef EYLEMER, İmren ALAKUŞ

MIKTA: A FUNCTIONING PRODUCT OF “NEW” MIDDLE POWER-ISM?

BELMA ENGİN, GÜROL BABA

RUBİCON'U GEÇMEK?* ONUNCU YILINDA AVRUPA KOMŞULUK POLİTİKASI

HATİCE YAZGAN

Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution Edited by James Ker-Lindsay, I. B. Tauris, London, 2014, 320 Pages.

Nüve YAZGAN

İNŞACILIK ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN İRAN NÜKLEER KRİZİNE YAKLAŞIMI

İmren ALAKUŞ, SEDEF EYLEMER

İÇ SAVAŞ ÇERÇEVESİNDE TERÖRİZM VE IŞİD ÖRNEĞİ

FATMA TAŞDEMİR

Uluslararası Örgütler Mehmet Emin Çağıran, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2013, 458 Sayfa.

BUĞRA SARI

Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria Edited by David Romano and Mehmet Gurses, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014, 323 Pages.

Emin TOSUN

The Kurdish Liberation Movement in Iraq: From Insurgency to Statehood Yaniv Voller, Routledge, New York, 2014, 175 Pages.

Burak Bilgehan ÖZPEK