Pasteuria penetrans suppression of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in vegetables

Bu çalışmanın amacı, obligat parazit olan Pasteuria penetrans bakterisinin sebze yetiştirilen alanlarda kök-ur nematodu Meloidogyne arenaria ırk 1’e karşı baskınlığını ortaya çıkarmak, bu baskınlığın etkisinin kırılmasına neden olan diğer kök-ur nematod türlerinin alanda bulunup bulunmadığını tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla 2011 yılının Mart ayında, daha önceden P. penetrans bulaştırılmış ve M. arenaria race 1’e karşı baskın olduğu bilinen Florida Üniversitesi’nin araştırma arazisinde, domates Lycopersicon lycopersicum cv. Bella Rosa, salatalık Cucumis sativus L. cv. Cobra, bamya Abelmoschus (=Hibiscus) esculentus (L.) cv. Clemson Spineless ve kabak Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Golden Summer gibi dört farklı sebze çeşidi yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Çalışma bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde 8 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Her bir sebze çeşidi için biri ilaçlı diğeri ilaçsız olacak şekilde parseller hazırlanmıştır. Ilaçlı parseller 112 lt/ha oranında 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) (Telone II) ile ilaçlanmıştır. Tüm deneme parsellerinden hasat sonunda bitki kökleri ve toprak örnekleri alınarak inceleme yapılmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinden elde edilen M. arenaria ırk 1 juvenillerinin P. penetrans’ın endosporları ile bulaşıklık oranı en yüksek %40 olarak kimyasal uygulanmış kabak parselinde, en düşük endospor bulaşıklık oranı ise kimyasal uygulanmayan bamya parselinde yaklaşık %10 olarak gözlenmiştir. Deneme alanlarında yetiştirilen sebzelerden yalnızca domates bitkisi köklerinde çok düşük oranda diğer nematode türlerinden M. incognita tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, sebzelerde M. arenaria race 1 tarafından meydana gelen zararın azaltılmasında ve bu nematodun baskı altında tutulmasında P. penetrans’ın önemli bir etmen olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Sebzelerde zararlı Meloidogyne arenaria ırk 1’in Pasteuria penetrans tarafından baskı altına alınması

This study was conducted to determine the suppressiveness of obligat parasite P. penetrans against the peanut root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in vegetable growing site and to find out whether the field site have infested with other root-knot nematode species, causing the suppression to break down. The study were carried out at four vegetable crops grown sites tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum cv. Bella Rosa, cucumber Cucumis sativus L. cv. Cobra, okra Abelmoschus (=Hibiscus) esculentus (L.) Moench cv. Clemson Spineless and squash Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Golden Summer at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit-Citra, University of Florida, US. The field site was arranged in a split plot design with eight replicates. To determine the effect of 1,3- dichloropropene (1,3-D) on P. penetrans, the split plot was fumigated with 1,3-D (Telone II)at dose of 112 L/ha.. Plant and soil samples were collected from each plot at harvest time. The percentages of M. arenaria race 1 infective juvenile (J2) with endospores attached ranged from 40%to 10%.. Only a very low incidence of M. incognita was extracted from tomato roots galls.. The results indicate that P. penetrans is likely to be one of the important effective agent in the nematode suppression and the reduction M. arenaria race 1 damage..

PDF

___

Anwar. S. A., A. Zia, M. Hussain, & Kamran, M. 2007. Host suitability of selected plants to Meloidogyne incognita in the Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Nematol., 17:144-150.
Barker, K. R., J. L. Townshend, G. W. Bird, I. J. Thomason, & D. W. Dickson 1986. Determining Nematode Population Responses to Control Agents. Pp. 283-296. In: Methods for evaluating pesticides for control of plant pathogens. (Ed: K. D. Hickey), St. Paul, Minnesota: APS Press.
Brand, D., C. R. Soccol, A. Sabu, & S. Roussos 2010. Production of fungal biological control agent through solid state fermentation: A case study on Paecilomyces lilacinus against root-knot nematodes. Mycologia Applicada International., 22:31-48.
Cetintas, R., & D. W. Dickson 2004. Persistence and suppressiveness of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1. Journal of Nematology 36:540–549.
Chen, Z. X., D. W. Dickson, R. McSorley, D. J. Mitchell, & T. E. Hewlett. 1996. Suppression of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 by soil application of endospores of Pasteuria penetrans. Journal of Nematology. 28:159-168.
Chen, Z. X., & D. W. Dickson 1998. Review of Pasteuria penetrans: Biology, ecology, and biological control potential. Journal of Nematology 30:313–340.
Cho, M.R., S. Y. Na, M.S. Yiem 2000. Biological Control of Meloidogyne arenaria by Pasteuria penetrans. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 3(2);71-76.
Dickson, D. W., M. Oostendorp, & D. J. Mitchell 1992. Development of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 in The Field. Pp. 213-218. In: Nematology from molecule to ecosystem (Eds: F. J. Gommers, and P. W. Th. Maas). Dundee, Scotland: European Society of Nematologists.
Dickson, D. W., M. Oostendorp, R. M. Giblin-Davis, & D. J. Mitchell 1994. Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes by Biological Antagonists. Pp. 575-601. In: Pest management in the subtropics, biological control - A Florida perspective (Eds: D. Rosen, F. D. Bennett, and J. L. Capinera). Hampshire, UK: Intercept.
Esbenshade, P. R., & A. C. Triantaphyllou 1985. Use of enzyme phenotype for identification of Meloidogyne species. Journal of Nematology 17: 6-20.
Fernandez, C., R.R. Kabana, P. Warrior, & J.W. Kloepper 2001. Induced Soil Suppressiveness to a Root-Knot Nematode Species by a Nematicide. Biological Control 22, 103–114.
Freitas, L. G., D. W. Dickson, D. J. Michell, & R. McSorley 2000. Suppression of Meloidogyne arenaria by Pasteuria penetrans in the field. Nematologia Brasileira 24:147-156.
Giannakou, I. O. & S. R., Gowen 2004. Factors affecting biological control effectiveness of Pasteuria penetrans in Meloidogyne javanica and the bacterial development in the nematode body. Nematropica, 34 (2). pp. 153- 163.
Hallmann, J., A. Quadt-Hallmann, W. G. Miller, R. A. Sikora, & S. E. Lindow 2001. Endophyte colonization of plants by biocontrol agent Rhizobium etli G12 in relation to Meloidogyne incognita infection. Phytopathology, 91:415- 422.
Harris, H., & D. A. Hopkinson 1976. Handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics. New York: North- Holland Publications.
Hutchinson, C.M., McGiffen, M.E., Ohr, H.D., Sims, J.J., Becker, J.O.1999. Efficacy of methyl iodide soil fumigation for control of Meloidogyne incognita, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Heterodera schachtii . Nematology 1(4): 407–414.
Jenkins, W. R. 1964. A rapid centrifugal-flotation technique for separating nematodes from soil. Plant Disease Reporter 48:692.
Lambert, K. & S. Bekal. 2002. Introduction to Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. The Plant Health Instructor.
Oostendorp, M., D. W. Dickson, & D. J. Mitchell 1990. Host range and ecology of isolates of Pasteuria spp. from the southeastern United States. Journal of Nematology, 22:525–531.
Oostendorp, M., T. E. Hewlett, D. W. Dickson, & D. J. Mitchell 1991. Specific gravity of spores of Pasteuria penetrans and extraction of spore-filled nematodes from soil. Journal of Nematology, 23:729–732.
Sasser, J. N. 1990. Economic Importance of Meloidogyne in Tropical Countries. Pp. 477. In: Root-Knot New Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) Systematics, Biology and Control. (Eds: F. Lamberti, and E. Taylor). New York: Academic Press,.
Shahid, M., A.U. Rehman & N., Javed 2010. Occurrence of Pasteuria penetrans in the fields of vegetable crops in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 28 (2): 329-333.
Sikora, R. A., & E. Fernandez 2005. Nematode Parasites of Vegetables. Pp 319-392. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. (Eds: Luc, R. A. Sikora and J. Bridge). M. New York: CAB International.
Singh, S.K. & U.R. Khurma 2007. Susceptibility of six tomato cultivars to the root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita. The South Pacific J. nat. Sci.,13:73-77.
Sharma, A., A. Haseeb & S. Abuzar, 2006. Screening of field pea (Pisum sativum) selections for their reactions to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci., 7:209-214.
Stirling, G. R. 1985. Host specificity of Pasteuria penetrans within the genus Meloidogyne. Nematologica, 31: 203-209.
Stirling G.R. 2014. Biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Soil ecosystem of management in sustainable Agriculture. 2nd Edition.
Taylor, A. L., & J. N. Sasser 1978. Biology, identification and control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species). Pp: 111. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC., USA.
Vagelas, I.K, M.D. Dennett, B. Pembroke & S.R. Gowen 2012.Adhering Pasteuria penetrans endospores affect movements of rootknot nematode juveniles. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 51; (3) 618−624
Weibelzahl-Fulton, E., D. W. Dickson, & E. B. Whitty 1996. Suppression of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica by Pasteuria penetrans in field soil. Journal of Nematology, 28:43–49.