Ali A. IŞIKBER, M. Kubiay ER, Hasan TUNAZ

Naturalcellular immunity in field-collected insects from Hatay provinceby assessing nodulation

Bu çalışma Hatay yöresinden toplanan böceklerde doğada mikrobiyal hastalıklara karşı oluşan hücresel bağışıklığı orataya koymak için yürütülmüştür. Böcek türleri teşhis edildikten sonra doğal mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlara karşı oluşan hücresel bağışıklıklardan nodülasyon testi için böcekler buz üzerinde bayıltılarak mikroskop altında vücutları kesilerek (dissect) açılmıştır. Böceklerde nodülasyon mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlara karşı oluşturalan hücresel bağışıklardan birisi olup böceğin iç organlarında görülmektedir. Çalışmada yaklaşık 660 böcek bireyi nodülasyon reaksiyonu için test edilmiş ve test edilen böceklerde % 99 oranında nodüle rastlanmıştır. Böcek bireylerinde nodül sayısı 1 ile 118 arasında değişmiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğada böceklerin mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlarla karşı karşıya olduğunu, böceklerin bu enfeksiyonların üstesinden gelebildiğini ve doğada böcek bağışıklığını anlamanın zararlı böceklerle mücadelede kullanılacak mikrobiyal pestisitlerin etkinliğinin ve kullanımının artırılması bakımından önemli olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Hatay yöresinden toplanan böceklerde oluşan hücresel bağışıklığın nodülasyon testi ile tespiti

Natural microbial infections to insects collected from agrarian fields surrounding Hatay Province,Turkey were determined by assessing nodulaiton which is one of insect cellular immunity. After identifying insect specimens, the insects were dissected to assess numbers of nodules. Nodulation is one of the predominant cellular immune reactions to microbial infections and the nodules are permanently attached to internal surfaces of the insects. We collectedabout660 insect specimens for nodulation and found nodules in 99 % outof all theexamined specimens. Appearance of examined insects was healthy. Number of nodules in each insect ranged from 1 to 118. Our results indicated that insects are regularly challenged by microbial infections in nature and insect immune systems can limit the host range and effectiveness of microbial agents deployed in biological control programs. Therefore, undertsanding insect immune systems is important for the efficacy and use of microbial pesticides in biological control of insects

PDF

___

Boucias, D.G., C. Stokes, G. Storey & J.C. Pendland. 1996. The effects of imidacloprid on the termite Reticulitermes flavipes and its interaction with the mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer. 49: 103-144.
Büyükgüzel, E., H. Tunaz, D. Stanley & K. Büyükgüzel. 2007. Eicosanoids mediate Galleria mellonella cellular immune response to viral infection. Journal of Insect Physiology. 53:99-105.
Dean, P., J.C. Gadsden, E.H. Richards, J.P. Edwards, A.K. Charnley & S.E. Reynolds. 2002. Modulation by eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors of immune responses by the insect Manduca sexta to the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 79: 93-101.
Dean, P., U. Potter, E.H. Richards, J.P. Edwards, A.K. Charnley & S.E. Reynolds. 2004. Hyperphagocytic haemocytes in Manduca sexta. Journal of Insect Physiology. 50: 1027-1036.
Dunn, P.E. & D.R. Drake. 1983. Fate of bacteria injected into naive and immunized larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 41: 77-85.
Dunn, P.E. 1986. Biochemical aspects of insect immunology. Annual Review of Entomology. 31: 321-339,
Durmuş, Y., E. Büyükgüzel, B. Terzi, H. Tunaz, D. Stanley & K. Büyükgüzel. 2008. Eicosanoids mediate melantoic nodulation reactions to viral infections in larvae of the parasitic wasp, Pimpla turioinellae. Journal of Insect Physiology. 54: 17-24.
Gupta, A.P., 1991. Immunology of Insects and Other Arthropods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Howard, R.W., J.S. Miller & D.W. Stanley, 1998. The influence of bacterial species and intensity of infections on nodule formations in insect. Journal of Insect Physiology. 44: 157-164.
Lacey, L.A., R. Frutos, H.K. Kaya & P. Vail. 2001. Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Do they have a future? Biological Control. 21:230-248.
Lemaitre, B. & J. Hoffmann. 2007. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annual Review of Immunology. 25:697-743.
Lavine, M.D. & M.R. Strand. 2002. Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 32:1295-1309.
Lomer, C.J. 1999. Factors in the success and failure of microbial agents for control of migratory pests. Integrated Pest Management Reviews. 4:307-312.
Lord, J.J., S. Anderson & D.W. Stanley, 2002. Eicosanoids mediate Manduca sexta cellular response to the fungal pathogen Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 51: 46-54. bassiana: A role for the lipoxygenase pathway. Archives of
Miller, J.S., T. Nguyen & D.W. Stanley-Samuelson, 1994. Eicosanoids mediate insect nodulation responses to bacterial infections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 91: 12418-12422.
Miller, J.S. & D.W. Stanley, 1998. The nodule formation reaction to bacterial infection: Assessing the role of eicosanoids pp. 265-270. In: Techniques in insect immunity. (Eds: A.Wiesner et al.,). SOS publications, Fair Haven, NJ.
Oerke, C.E. & H.W. Dehne. 2004. Safeguarding production - losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop Protection. 23, 275-285.
Ouedraogo, R.M., M.S. Goettel & J. Brodeur. 2004. Behavioral thermoregulation in the migratory locust: a therapy to overcome fungal infection. Oecologia, 138:312-319.
Quintella, E.D. & C.W. McCoy. 1997. Pathogenicity enhancement of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to first instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with sublethal doses of imidacloprid. Environmental Entomology. 26: 1173-1182.
Russell, V. & P.E. Dunn. 1996. Antibacterial proteins in the midgut of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis. Journal of Insect Physiology. 42: 65-71.
SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STATR User's Guide, Version 6, 4th Ed., vol 2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Stanley, D.W. & J.S. Miller. 2006. Eicosanoid actions in insect cellular immune functions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 119: 1-13.
Steinhaus, E.A. 1957. Microbial diseases of insects. Annual Review of Microbiology. 11:165-182.
Tanada, Y. 1959. Microbial control of insect pests. Annual Review of Entomology. 4:277-302.
Tunaz, H. & D. Stanley. 2009. An immunological axis of biocontrol:infections in field-trapped insect. Naturwissenschaften 96: 1115-1119.
Tunaz, H., M.K. Er & A.A. Işıkber. 2015. Incidence of microbial infections revealed by assessing nodulation in field- collected insects from Adana Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 39:753-763.
Wang, C. & R.J. St. Leger. 2006. A collagenous protective coat enables Metarhizium anisopliae to evade insect immune responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 103:6647-6652.