İskender EMRE, Mustafa COŞKUN, Tamer KAYIŞ

Effects of diazinon on antioxidant enzymes and adult emergence of the parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Organofosforlu bir insektisitin Pimpla turionellaenin antioksidan enzim aktivitelerine ve toplam ve dişi birey çıkışına olan etkileri 0.01, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 ve 0.75 ppm diazinon içeren sentetik besin kullanılarak araştırıldı. Subletal diazinon konsantrasyonları, antioksidan enzim aktivitelerini belirlemek için 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat süreyle, ergin birey çıkışını belirlemek için ise 31 gün boyunca P. turionellaeya verildi. P. turionellae insektisit stresi altında diazinonun dozuna ve maruz kalma süresine bağlı olarak farklı tepkiler gösterdi. Diazinon özellikle yüksek konsantrasyonlarda (0.50 ve 0.75 ppm) SOD aktivitesinin kontrole göre önemli ölçüde artmasına neden oldu. Bununla beraber CAT aktivitesinde düzensiz artışlara neden oldu. Çalışmadaki önemli bir bulgu, CAT aktivitesi hiçbir konsantrasyonda kontrol seviyesinin altına düşmedi. Toplam ergin ve dişi çıkışı diazinondan önemli ölçüde etkilenerek azaldı. Sonuç olarak, SODnin P. turionellaede diazinon toksisitesine karşı çok önemli bir koruyucu rol oynadığı ve diazinonun toplam ve dişi birey çıkışını önemli ölçüde azalttığı belirlendi.

Diazinonun parasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) nin antioksidan enzimleri ve ergin birey çıkışına etkileri

In this study, the effects of the organophosphorus insecticide diazinon on antioxidant enzyme activities, and female and total adult emergence ratios of Pimpla turionellae L., were investigated when using a synthetic diet containing 0.01, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ppm of the insecticide. Sublethal concentrations of diazinon were supplied to P. turionellae for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for enzyme activity and thirty days for determining emergence ratios. P. turionellae gave different antioxidant responses to insecticidal stress, depending on the concentrations and diazinon exposure time. When compared to the control and especially in high concentrations (0.50 and 0.75 ppm), diazinon increased SOD activity. Although diazinon also caused increases in CAT activity, these increases were not consistent.This study found that the CAT activity didn't fall below the control level. Diazinon significantly reduced female and total adult emergence of P. turionellae and SOD played a more significant protective role against diazinon toxicity.

PDF

___

Achudume, A. C., P. U. Nwoha & N. J. Ibe, 2010. Effects of dietary exposure to insecticide Raid® on the survival, growth and inhibition of metabolic processes in Wistar rats Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2 (8): 120-125.
Aebi, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, pp.121-126. Adamski, Z., K. Ziemnicki, K. Fila, R. Zikic & A. Stajn, 2003. Effects of long-term exposure to fenitrothion on Spodoptera exigua and Tenebrio molitor larval development and antioxidant enzyme activity. Biology Letters,40: 43-52.
Ahmad, S., 1992. Biochemical defenses of prooxidant plant allelochemicals by herbivorous insects. Biochemical Systematic Ecology, 20: 269-296.
Ahmad, S. & R. S. Pardini, 1990. Mechanism for regulating oxygen toxicity in phytophagous insects. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 8: 401-403.
Ahmad, S., D. L. Duval, L. C. Weinhold & R. S. Pardini, 1991. Cabbage looper antioxidant enzymes. Tissue Specificity. Insect Biochemistry, 21: 563-572.
Bansal, S. K. & K. V. Singh, 2004. Efficacy of different organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to the larvae of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, Liston. Journal of Environmental Biology, 25: 485-488.
Baykal, M., M. Coskun, P. Ozalp, M. Sulanc & I. Emre, 2005. Effects of malathion on the egg production and hatchability of Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Fresenius Environmenyal Bulletin, 15 (5): 418-421.
Bondarenko, S., J. Gan, D. L. Haver & J. N. Kabashima, 2004. Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in waters from a coastal watershed. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23: 2649-2654.
Bughio, F. M. & R. M. Wilkins, 2004. Influence of malathion resistance status on survival and growth of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), when fed flour insect-resistant and susceptible Grain Rice Cultivas Journal of Stored Products, 40: 65-75.
Buyukguzel, K., 2006. Malathion-induced oxidative stress in a parasitoid wasp: Effect on adult emergence, longevity and oxidative and antioxidative response of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(4): 1225-1234.
Cheung, C. C. C., G. J. Zheng, A. M. Y. Li, B. J. Richardson & P. K. S. Lam, 2001. Relationship between tissue concentrations of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and antioxidative responses of Marine Mussels, Perna viridis. Aquatic Toxicology, 52: 189-203.
Clavaron-Mathews, M., C. B. Summers & G. W. Felton, 1997. Ascorbate peroxidase: A novel antioxidant enzyme in insects. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 34: 5768
Cook, J. M., 1993. Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: A Review of Models and Evidence, Heredity. 71: 421-435.
Coskun, M., T. Kayis, P. Ozalp, K. Kocalar, C. I. Tatlicioglu & I. Emre, 2009. The effects of a meridic diet on the sex ratio of offspring, on glycogen and protein content, and on productivity and longevity of adult Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) for five generations. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 139(2): 103-108.
Coskun, M., P. Ozalp & I. Emre, 2005. Effects of vitamin E concentrations on sex ratio of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) adults. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 98(3): 336-339.
Das, B. K. & S. C. Mukherjee, 2000. Choronic toxic effects of quinalphos on some biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita (Ham). Toxicology Letters, 114: 11-18.
Delpuech, J. M. & J. Meyet, 2003. Reduction in the sex ratio of the progeny of a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma brassicae) surviving the insecticide chlorphrifos Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45: 203-208.
Desneux, N., A. Decourte & J. M. Delpuech, 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 52: 81-106.
Dettbarn, W. D., D. Milatovic & R. C. Gupta, 2006. Oxidative Stress in Anticholinesterase-Induced Excitotoxicity. In: R. C. Gupta, Editor, Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, 511 532.
Dimitrova, M. St., V. Tishinova & V. Velcheva, 1994. Combined effect of zinc and lead on the hepatic superoxide dismutase catalase system in carp (Cyprinus carpio), Comperative Biochemistry and Physiology, 108: 4346.
Du, W., T. S. Awolola, P. Howell, L. L. Koekemoer, B. D. Brooke, M. Q. Benedict, M. Coetzee & L. Zheng, 2005. Independent mutations in the Rdl locus confer dieldrin resistance to Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Insect Molecular Biology, 14: 179-183.
Durmaz, H., Y. Sevgiler & N. Uner, 2006. Tissue-specific antioxidative and neurotoxic responses to diazinon in Oreochromis nicoticus. Pesticide Biochemistry and physiology, 84: 215-226.
Emre, I., 1988. Effects of meridic diet on fecundity of adult females of Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Doga Turkish Journal of Biology, 12: 101-105.
Felton, G. W. & C. B. Summers, 1995. Antioxidant system in insects. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 29: 187-197.
Flanders, S. E., 1956. The mechanism of sex-ratio regulation in the (Parasitic) hymenoptera. Insects Sociaux, 3: 325-334.
Fridovich, I., 1978. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science, 201: 875880.
Fornazier, R. F., R. R. Ferreira, G. J .G. Pereira, S. M. G. Molina, R. J. Smith, P. J. Lea & R. A. Azevedo, 2002. Cadmium stress in sugar cane callus cultures: Effect on antioxidant enzymes. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 71: 125-131.
George, P. J. E. & D. P. Ambrose, 2004. Impact of insecticides on the haemogram of Rhynonoris kumarii Ambrose and Livingstone (Hem: Reduviidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128: 600-604.
Godfray, H. C. J., 1994. Parasitoids: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press. Princeton NJ. 473pp.
Gulfer, B., M. Coskun, T. Kayis & I. Emre, 2009. Impact of organophosphorus insecticide, malathion on the progeny sex ratio of Pimpla turionellae L. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5): 727-730.
Gultekin, F., M. Ozturk & M. Akdogan, 2000. The effect of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos-ethyl on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (invitro). Archives of Toxicology, 74: 533-538.
Haynes, K. F., 1988. Sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides on insect behavior. Annual Review of Entomology, 33: 149-168.
He, F. S., S. Y. Chen, X. Y. Tang, W. Q. Gan, B. G. Tao & B. Y. Wen, 2002. Biological monitoring of combined exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids. Toxicology Letters, 134: 119-124.
Howard, M. D. & C. N. Pope, 2002. In vitro effects of chlorpyrifos, parathion, metyl parathion, and their oxons on cardiac muscarinic receptor binding in neonatal and adults rats. Toxicology, 170: 1-10.
Kazmirowa, M. & J. Ortel, 2000. Metal accumulation by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera) and transfer to the parasitic wasp Coptera occidentalis (Hymenoptera). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7: 1822-1830.
Kono, Y. & I. Fridovich, 1982. Superoxide radical inhibits catalase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257: 5751-5753.
Kwong, T. C., 2002. Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 24: 144149.
Le Bourg, E., 2001. Oxidative stress, aging and longevity in Drosophila melenogaster. FEBS Letters, 498: 183-186.
Lee, C. Y., H. H. Yap & N. L. Chong, 1998. Sublethal effects of deltamethrin on longevity and reproduction of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 89: 137-145.
Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr & R. J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193(1): 265275.
Mathews, C. M., C. B. Summers & G. W. Felton, 1997. Ascorbate Peroxidase: A novel antioxidant enzyme in insects. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 34: 57-68.
Milatovic, D., R. C. Gupta & M. Aschner, 2006. Anticholinesterase toxicity and oxidative stress. Science World Journal, 6: 295-310.
Overmyer, J. P. & R. Noblet, 2003. Influences of a laboratory diet and natural seston on the bioavailability on carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, and malathion to Black Fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) in toxicity test. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45: 209-215.
Pehkonen, S. O. & Q. Zhang, 2002. The degradation of organophosphorous pesticides in natural waters: A critical review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 17-72.
Pournourmohammadi, S., B. Farzami, S. N. Ostad, E. Azizi & M. Abdollahi, 2005. Effects of malathion subchronic exposure on rat skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Environmental toxicology and Pharmacology, 19: 191-196.
Sak, O., F. Uckan & E. Ergin, 2006. Effects of cypermetrin on total body weight, glycogen, protein, and lipid contents of Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 136(1): 53-58.
Summers, C. B. & G. W. Felton, 1993. Antioxidant role of dehydroascorbic acid reductase in insects. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1156: 235-238.
Sun, Y., L. W. Oberley & Y. Li, 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry, 34(3): 497500.
Thompson, W. R., 1957. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2, Part 4. CIBC Ottawa. 333651.
Yamamoto, K., Y. Tsuji, Y. Aso, T. Hamasaki, S. Shirahata & Y. Katakura, 2010. Effect of diazinon exposure on the antioxidant reactions in the silkmoth, Bombix mori. Journal of Applied Entomology, 135 (4): 320-325.
Zhang, J. F., X. R. Wang, H. Y. Guo, J. C. Wu & Y. O. Xue, 2004. Effects of water soluble fractions of diesel oil on the antioxidant defenses of the goldfish Carassius auratus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 58: 110-116.