Çocukluk Çağı Akciğer Hastalıklarında Sağlıklı Beslenmenin Önemi

Sağlıklı beslenme akciğerlerin gelişiminde önemli bir role sahiptir. Birçok sistem üzerine olumsuz etkiye neden olan malnütrisyonun özellikle solunum sistemi gelişimi ve akciğer hastalıkları üzerindeki etkileri, ileri yaşlarda solunum fonksiyonlarında kalıcı bozulmaya yol açabilmektedir. Malnütrisyonun çocukluk çağında önlenmesi, erken tanınması ve gerekli müdahalelerde bulunulması morbidite ve mortaliteyi azaltmaya katkıda bulunacaktır. Bu derlemede; sağlıklı beslenmenin akciğer gelişimine etkisi, çocuklarda görülen malnütrisyonun akciğer hastalıklarının sıklığına ve bu hastalıkların klinik gidişine etkilerinin tartışılması, çocukluk çağı akciğer hastalıklarında beslenme önerilerinin ve malnütrisyonu önlemeye yönelik çözüm önerilerinin incelenmesi, dünyada bu konuda alınan önlemlerin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bebeklik ve çocukluk dönemindeki malnütrisyonun akciğer sağlığı ve solunum fonksiyonlarına etkileri net bilinmemekle birlikte, yapılan çalışmalar erken çocukluk dönemindeki malnütrisyonun solunum fonksiyonlarını daha olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Malnütrisyon, hücresel immünite ve kazanılmış immüniteye etkilerinin yanında akciğer gelişimine olan etkileri ile de solunum yolu enfeksiyonları sıklığını ve riskini artırmaktadır. Bunların yanı sıra bu etkiler kronik akciğer hastalıkları gelişme riskini de artırmaktadır. Çocukluk çağında solunum yolu hastalıklarına bağlı ölümlerin büyük bölümü önlenebilir ölümlerdir. Ancak bu konuda etkili önlemlerin alınması ve uygun yaklaşımların yapılması önemlidir. Anne sütü alımının desteklenmesi, annenin gebelikte yeterli beslenmesi, mikrobesin ögelerinin alımının desteklenmesi, kronik solunum yolu hastalıklarında erken dönemde beslenme durumunun kontrol edilmesi ve önlemlerin alınması hastaların ileri yaştaki prognozunu olumlu etkileyecektir. Sonuç olarak; çocukların rutin izlemlerinde büyümenin, yeterli kilo alımı ve boy uzamasının olup olmadığının değerlendirilmesi önlenebilir sorunlarda erken müdahaleler açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Çocukluk çağı akciğer hastalıkları, malnutrisyon, solunum fonksiyonları, nutrisyon

The Importance of Healthy Nutrition in Childhood Lung Diseases

Nutrition has an important role in the development of the lungs. Malnutrition, which causes adverse effects on many systems, especially its effects on respiratory system development and lung diseases can lead to permanent impairment in respiratory functions in older ages. Prevention of malnutrition in childhood, early recognition and necessary interventions will contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. In this review article, it is aimed to discuss the effects of nutrition on lung development, the effects of malnutrition on the frequency of lung diseases in children and the clinical course of these diseases, to evaluate nutritional suggestions and solutions to prevent malnutrition in childhood lung diseases, and to review the measures taken in this regard in the world. Although the effects of malnutrition in infancy and childhood on lung health and pulmonary functions are not known clearly, recent reports have shown that malnutrition in early childhood adversely affects the pulmonary functions. Besides, malnutrition has effects on both cellular and acquired immunity and on the frequency and risk of respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, all these influences increase the risk of developing chronic lung diseases. Majority of deaths due to respiratory diseases in childhood are preventable, however, it is important to take precautions and appropriate attitude in this regard. Supporting breastfeeding, adequate nutrition of the mother during pregnancy, supporting the intake of micronutrients, controlling the nutritional status in the early period in chronic respiratory diseases and taking precautions will positively affect the prognosis of patients in older ages. In conclusion, evaluation of the growth, adequate weight gain and height in the routine follow-up of children have an important role in terms of early interventions in preventable conditions.

Keywords:

Childhood lung diseases, nutrition, malnutrition, pulmonary functions,

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