REKONSTRÜKSİYON UYGULAMALARINA YÖNELİK KRİTERLERİN İRDELENMESİ; ORTAKÖY- KURUÇEŞME SAHİLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Boğaziçi ve yalıları korunması gereken, mimarisi ve doğal güzelliği ile tarihi mirası olarak değerlendirilebilir. Boğaziçi yalı mimarisi sadece İstanbul Boğazı'na özgü bir mimaridir. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından kalan fotoğraf albümlerinde yer alan büyük yalıların, bugün yapılan kıyı konutlarıyla hemen hemen hiçbir yaşama ve biçim ilişkisi kalmamıştır. Ortaköy Kuruçeşme kıyı yerleşiminde geleneksel yalılar, kıyı şeridi içindeki konumları, arka plandaki köşkleri ve koruları ile Boğaziçi siluetini oluşturmaktaydılar. Ortaköy Kuruçeşme'de 20. yüzyıldan sonra bu yalıların yok olduğu ve yerlerini kömür depolarının, fabrika ve liman tesislerinin aldığı görülür. Günümüzde bu bölgede geleneksel yalıların mevcut yasalar çerçevesinde rekonstrüksiyon uygulamaları yapılmaktadır. Ancak bu yalıların belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu makalede Ortaköy Kuruçeşme kıyı yerleşiminin yakın tarihsel geçmişi ile bağlantılı olarak önemi vurgulanacaktır. Ayrıca günümüzdeki rekonstrüksiyon uygulamalarına kuramsal yaklaşımlar desteğinde bu yalıların rekonstrüksiyonunu gerektirecek önemli kriterlerin belirlenmesi tartışılacaktır. Bu kuramlar çerçevesinde, çalışma alanında rekonstrüksiyonu yapılabilecek düzeydeki yapılar "mimarlık ve/veya sanat tarihi açısından önemli olması, tarihsel olaylarla veya kişilerle ilişkili olması, hanedana veya merkezi yönetime ait olması, yeterli ön cephe, yan cephe ve iç fotoğraflara sahip olması, gravür-resim vb. gibi belgelerde yer alması, ölçülü kroki, plan ve eski harita gibi belgelere sahip olması, hava fotoğraflarında görünmesi, literatürde yer alan rölöve ve restitüsyon projelerinin uygunluğu" açılarından değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma alanında yer alan yapı ve parsellere kullanım önerileri getirilmiştir

CRITERIA FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION; A CASE STUDY OF ORTAKOY- KURUÇEŞME COAST

It is being observed that the construction at Bosphorus surged, beginning from the onset of the 19th century. The names of yali owners, recorded on Bostancıbaşı’s (Chief Gardener) pertaining to 1790 and the years of 1814–1815 have been a considerable resource regarding these periods. While part of the Bosphorus yalis, figuring on BostancıBaşı’s (Chief Gardener) Ledger, pertaining to the 19th century, survived the end of 19th century, some others have been destroyed or consumed in fires. The Bosphorus villages have lost their quality of summer resort and become suburbs in the 19th century. Having said that, the smoothing of transport circumstances and the fact that Şirket-i Hayriye started regular services as from the year 1852, rendered the Bosphorus settlements, areas inhabited throughout the year. The inexpensively timber imported figures in the sources as well as the locally produced wood, incoming from the Anatolia and Rumelia as of the second half of the 19th century. The wooden material became plentiful in this era; the utilization of timber as both structural and veneering became widespread. The emphasis such as that the ground floors of the houses attend the service sections, that there is a life style oriented towards the street, the outwards extension of upper floors of the homes, the fenestrations, room the room arrangements, the fewness of the layers, the horizontal development have been the fundamental approach of the yalis (seaside houses), partaking on the Bosporus shoreline. The wooden structure had many windowed and hectic upper floors exuberating to the street, and towards the sea in the yalis. The impact of that the yalis are frequently torn down and rebuilt, that they can follow the Western impressions more by virtue of they were the buildings of the court and high level families and those have the power to have such novelties implemented, and also more radical alterations could be performed since they were summer residences had a significant importance in the reflection of Westernization influences on the Bosporus yalis. The yalis, built on the Bosphorus shoreline at the end of the 19th century have been constructed on Baroque, Neoclassic, Eclectic and Art Nouveau styles. The wood material has been preferred in the Bosphorus shore’s yalis for they may be built easily, cheaply and fast. However, these buildings lied in ruins or were destroyed in short notice. That the people, belonging to the Ottoman Dynasty have the power to have such coastal palaces and yalis ( seaside house), on the styles and specifications of the era and that the wood material is convenient for building in a short time resulted in construction of specific yalis in this area or else, the rebuilding of the structures by re-arrangement of their facades. Moreover in those centuries during which the population of Istanbul rose quickly, the wooden structures have been favored at Bosphorus for their inexpensiveness of and because they could be built fast. Yet, the fact that the resistance of the wood is low, that it is readily lost in the fires and that the maintenance of such buildings was not fulfilled when they have been deserted, constitute obstacles to the persistency of yali (seaside house) architecture. The yalis (seaside house) were easily lost for the above reasons and new ones with different styles were built in their place. Furthermore, the rapid population growth as from the middle of the 19th century and intense construction related to it induced that big fires broke out in the Bosphorus more frequently than experienced in the past centuries. Starting by this century, the administration desired to transform the construction to stone buildings by reason of fires of big scale. The palaces, police stations and caserns were built by this technique. Yet, wooden yalis (seaside houses) proceeded to be built on the shoreline of Bosphorus. The inauguration of the lines between Karaköy and Ortaköy in the year 1871 facilitated the road transport in the area. The start of laying, as from the year 1907, of the tramway line, so to come to an end in front of Bebek garden, passing through Kuruçeşme and Arnavutköy separated the coastal palaces and yalis, located in this area from their back spaces, composed of their woods, gardens and kiosks. The wooden construction ground to a halt in Istanbul and Bosphorus; following the World War 1. The wooden construction has been abandoned altogether at Early Republican era. Apart of the yalis (seaside houses), situated on Bosphorus coast have been utilized as warehouse or left to lie in ruins after the proclamation of the Republic. Significant changes were observed in the Bosphorus after the year 1950. The intensive zoning studies that the government of that time launched in Istanbul in this process, the absence of selection of convenient locations for industrial spaces and the squatting initiated by migration towards the cities spoiled the nature of Bosphorus in part. There had been a loss of historical structures to a considerable extent, until that the yalis (seaside houses) are registered after the date of 1951. A lot of spaces in the Bosphorus were registered as protected site by the Relics Act, entered into force in the year of 1973. Bosphorus Structural Plan has been promulgated in the year of 1983. The entire Bosphorus have been declared protected area by the decree of the council of ministers, upon a suggestion the committee brought forth and that all constructions to be carried out in the Bosphorus obtain the approval of the committee has been ensured by this act. The construction of new yalis (seaside house) has legally wise ended upon the entering into effect of the Bosphorus Act of 1983, the required preservation resolutions on the protection and restoration of the yalis that are traditional inheritance have been taken. The interdiction of new domiciles by the law put forward the restoration of old dwellings and the rebuilding request for those destructed. Bosphorus and its seaside residences in need of protection can be evaluated the world's most beautiful waterways with history and natural beauty heritage. Yalı’s culture is specific to the Bosphorus only an architecture seaside residences. Large residences located in the rest photo albums in the second half of the 19th century, there is no relation with today forms the coast. Traditional residences in OrtakoyKuruçeşme coastal settlements, constituted the Bosphorus silhouette with coastal location background mansions and and its grove. After 20th century in Ortakoy Kuruçeşme, this seaside residences are disappeared and many coal warehouses, factories and port facilities are seen to take. It is important that the public image and identity the Bosporus architecture acquired within the historical process is removed and assisted by art, culture and architecture. The Bosphorus bears on itself many symbolic values with its yalis (seaside houses), woods, kiosks and culture. Therefore, the preservation and maintenance of cultural and natural landscape of Bosphorus must be promoted. Today, the traditional seaside residences reconstruction are carried out in accordance with existing laws. But it is necessary to determine the important criteria. the requires of reconstruction of seaside residences. In this article will be highlighted connection with importance of recent historical past of Ortakoy Kuruçeşme coastal settlement. Important reconstruction criteria will discuss with support of reconstruction theoretical approaches. In addition, using recommendations will discuss buildings and parcels which located work area. The protection and maintenance of natural and cultural landscape, the introduction of the historical silhouette of the end of 19th century; which is formed in course of history, established by the latest pictures and left its market the minds by propagation all over the world; and the accentuating of coastal texture, lost alongside with it must be backed up at the basic approaches devoted to preservation of the Bosphorus space.

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