Ali USLU, Yasemin PINARKARA, Zafer SAYIN, Aslı SAKMANOĞLU, Huda Jihad AL-SHATTRAWI, Osman ERGANİŞ, Hasan Hüseyin HADİMLİ

Serotypes of Salmonella isolated from feces of cattle, buffalo, and camel and sensitivities to antibiotics in Turkey

In this study,Salmonellastrains from dairy cows, calves with diarrhea, and buffalo and camel feces were isolated andserotyped. There were 869 feces samples (437 calves, 287 dairy cows, 100 buffalo, and 45 camels) collected from 13 provinces and 21farms. Preenrichment feces samples were added to Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium. Samples were then subcultured on xylose lysinetergitol-4 agar and plates. Suspected colonies ofSalmonellawere confirmed by latex agglutination test. The isolates ofSalmonellaspp.were serotyped at the Etlik Central Veterinary Control Institute. In total, 40Salmonellaspp .were isolated, including 33 from calves, 5from dairy cows, 1 from a buffalo, and 1 from a camel.Salmonellastrains were serotyped asS.Kentucky (n = 23),S . Muenchen (n =5),S . Anatum (n = 4),S.Gaminare (n = 4),S . Typhimurium (n = 1),S.Muenster (n = 1),S.Enteritidis (n = 1), andS.Abony (n = 1). The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for the determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates against 15 antibiotics.Salmonellaisolates were determined as resistant to multiple antibiotics. In conclusion, 8 differentSalmonellaserotypes were found indairy cows, calves, buffalo, and camels. Because of the occurrence of multiresistant isolates, biosafety measures and pathogen controlprocesses are advised forSalmonella -associated risks to public health.

PDF

___

1. Kirk J, Atwill E, Holmberg C, Arana M, Collar C, Ghirardelli D, Higginbotham G, Markagaard G, Mullinax D, Wubishet A. Prevalence of and risk factors for Salmonella in water offered to weaned dairy calves in California, USA. Prev Vet Med 2002; 54: 169-178.
2. Smith-Palmer A, Stewart WC, Mather H, Greig A, Cowden A, Cowden JM, Reilly WJ. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium in animals and people in Scotland between 1990 and 2001. Vet Rec 2003; 153: 517-520.
3. Rodriquez-Rivera LD, Wright EM, Siler JD, Elton M, Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Wiedmann M. Subtype analysis of Salmonella isolated from subclinically infected dairy cattle and dairy farm environments reveals the presence of both human-and-bovine associated subtypes. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170: 307-316.
4. Molla B, Alemayehu D, Salah W. Sources and distribution of Salmonella serotypes isolated from food animals, slaughterhouse personnel and retail meat product in Ethiopia: 1997-2002. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2003; 17: 63-70.
5. Berge ACB, Thornburg E, Adaska JM, Moeller RB, Blanchard PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin from dairy source calves in the central San Joaquin Valley, California (19982002). J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20: 497-500.
6. Rice DH, Besser TE, Hancock DL. Epidemiology and virulence assessment of Salmonella Dublin. Vet Microbiol 1997; 56: 111- 124.
7. Alam MJ, Ranter DG, Ives SE, Thomson DU, Sanderson MW, Hollis LC, Nagaraja TG. Potential associations between fecal shedding of Salmonella in feedlot cattle treated for apparent respiratory disease and subsequent adverse health outcomes. Vet Res 2009; 40: 1-13.
8. Gragg SE, Loneragan GH, Nightingale KK, Brichta-Harhay DM, Ruiz H, Elder JR, Garcia LG, Miller MF, Echeverry A, Porras RGR et al. Substantial within animal diversity of Salmonella isolates from lymph nodes, feces and hides of cattle at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79: 4744-4750.
9. Hadimli HH, Sayın Z, Erganiş O. Buzağılarda Salmonella Dublin enfeksiyonu ve otojen aşı uygulaması ile kontrolü. Eurasian J Vet Sci 2011; 27: 99-105 (in Turkish with English abstract).
10. Erganiş O, Corlu M, Hadimli HH, Kav K. Development and therapeutic effects of inactivated Salmonella and Klebsiella vaccine for beef cattle: a preliminary report. In: Condition and Perspectives of Veterinary Science and Practice Development Materials International Scientific and Research Conference; Almaty, Kazakhstan; 2003. pp. 96-100.
11. Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, Ruegg PL, Warnick LD, Bender JB, Eberly LE, Godden SM, Halbert LW. Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms I. Salmonella shedding in cows. Prevent Vet Med 2005; 70: 257-277.
12. Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, Ruegg PL, Warnick LD, Bender JB, Eberly LE, Godden SM, Halbert LW. Herd-level factors associated with isolation of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms II. Salmonella shedding in calves. Prevent Vet Med 2005; 70: 279-291.
13. Callaway TR, Keen JE, Edrington TS, Baumgard LH, Spicer L, Fonda ES, Griswold KE, Overton TR, VanAmburgh ME, Anderson RC et al. Fecal prevalence and diversity of Salmonella species in lactating dairy cattle in four states. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88: 3603-3608.
14. Genç O. Kars yöresinde evcil hayvanlardan Salmonella ların izolasyonu, identifikasyonu ve serotiplendirilmesi. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2002; 8: 23-30 (in Turkish with English abstract).
15. Maddoks S, Olma T, Chen S. Comparison of CHROM agar Salmonella medium and xylose-lysine-desoxycholate and Salmonella - Shigella agars for isolation of Salmonella strains from stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2999-3003.
16. Nye KJ, Frodsham D, Gee B, Howells K, Iliffe A, Turner T, Warren RE, Andrews S. Comparison of the performance of selenite cystine and mannitol selenite enrichment broths in the isolation of Salmonella spp. from faeces. Commun Dis Public Health 2003; 6: 294-296.
17. Edrington TS, Schultz CL, Bischoff KM, Callaway TR, Looper ML, Genovesek J, Jung YS, McReynolds JL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Antimicrobial resistance and serotype prevalence of Salmonella isolated from dairy cattle in the southwestern United States. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 10: 51-56.
18. Sato K, Carpenter TE, Case JT, Walker RL. Spatial and temporal clustering of Salmonella serotypes isolated from adult diarrheic dairy cattle in California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13: 206-212.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute . Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty- Third Informational Supplement M100-S23. Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2013.
20. McEvoy JM, Doherty AM, Sheridan JJ, Blair IS, McDowell DA. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in bovine faecal, rumen and carcass samples at a commercial abattoir. J App Microbiol 2003; 94: 693-700.
21. Vella L, Cushieri P. Salmonella excretion in adult cattle on the Maltese island of Gozo. Rev Sci Tech 1995; 14: 777-787.
22. Nielsen LR. Within-herd prevalence of Salmonella Dublin in endemically infected dairy herds. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141: 2074-2082.
23. Wells SJ, Fedorkac PJ, Dargatz DA, Ferris K, Green A. Fecal shedding of Salmonella ssp. by dairy cows on farm and at cull cow markets. J Food Prot 2001; 64: 3-11.
24. Wieczorek K, Osek J. Prevalence and characterisation of Salmonella in slaughtered cattle and beef in Poland. Bull Vet Ins Pulawy 2013; 57: 607-611.
25. Gorski L, Parker CT, Liang A, Cooley M, Jay-Russell MT, Gordus AG, Atwill ER, Mandrell RE. Prevalence, distribution and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of California. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77: 2734-2748.
26. Gökçen S, Denizli AN, Erturun H. İzmirManisa mezbahalarında kesilen sığırlarda Salmonella etkenlerinin izolasyonu. Bornova Veteriner Kontrol ve Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Dergisi 1995; 33: 85- 96 (in Turkish with English abstract).
27. Akbarut A. Bursa bölgesindeki sığırlardan izole edilen Salmonella türleri üzerine bakteriyolojik ve serolojik çalışmalar. PhD, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey, 1996 (in Turkish).
28. Canpolat S. Çeşitli hayvan dışkılarından Salmonella etkenlerinin konvansiyonel ve moleküler yöntemlerle saptanması. PhD, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, 2007 (in Turkish).
29. Izzo MM, Mohler VL, House JK . Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates recovered from calves with diarrhoea in Australia. Aust Vet J 2011; 89: 402-408.
30. Addis Z, Kebede N, Sisay Z, Alemayehu H, Yirsaw A, Kassa T. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from lactating cows and in contact in dairy farms of Addis Ababa: a cross sectional study. BMC Inf Dis 2011; 222: 1-7.