Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C)
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C)
Background/aim: The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) is one of the most frequently used questionnairesfor evaluating moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity in children. However, a Turkish version of the questionnaire was notavailable. This study aimed to create a Turkish version of the PAQ-C and examine its psychometric characteristics and factor structure.Materials and methods: The study was conducted with 784 primary school students (ages 9–14 years). The PAQ-C was examined forcontent and construct validity and analyzed in terms of reliability. Content validity was evaluated with the content validity index (CVI),construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 388), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 396). For reliability analysis,Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. The factor construct was assessed with corrected itemtotal correlations (CITCs).Results: The CVI for the PAQ-C was 0.95. EFA revealed a two-factor construct of ‘at school’ and ‘extracurricular’. CFA confirmed thetwo-factor construct. Factor loadings varied between 0.41 and 0.80. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.77 and ICC was 0.91 for the test-retest forthe entire sample. All CITCs were >0.20.Conclusion: The PAQ-C is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for Turkish children.
___
- 1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical
Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report Strategies
to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth. Washington, DC,
USA: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012.
- 2. Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint
KH, Hawkins J, Queen B, Lowry R, Olsen EO, Chyen D et al.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 2015. MMWR
Surveill Summ 2016; 65:1-174.
- 3. Erginöz E, Alikaşifoğlu M, Ercan O, Uysal Ö, Ekici B, Albayrak
DK, Gülşah O, Yücel İ, Ocak S. Relationship between physical
activity level and demographic characteristics, eating habits
and sedantary behaviors of Turkish school children aged 11, 13
and 15 years. Turk Arch Ped 2011; 46:12-19 (article in Turkish
with an abstract in English).
- 4. Sirard JR, Pate RR. Physical activity assessment in children and
adolescents. Sports Med 2001; 31:439-454.
- 5. Bervoets L, Noten CV, Roosbroeck SV, Hansen D, Hoorenbeeck
KV, Verheyen E, Hal GV, Vankerckhoven V. Reliability and
validity of the Dutch physical activity questionnaires for
children (PAQ-C) and adolescents (PAQ-A). Arch Public
Health 2014; 72: 47.
- 6. Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Donen RM. The Physical Activity
Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents
(PAQ-A) Manual. Saskatoon, Canada: University of
Saskatchewan; 2004.
- 7. Crocker PR, Bailey DA, Faulkner RA, Kowalski KC, McGrath
R. Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary
evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older
Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 1344-1349.
- 8. Kowalski KC, Crocker PRE, Faulkner RA. Validation of the
physical activity questionnaire for older children. Pediatr Exerc
Sci 1997; 9: 174-186.
- 9. Moore JB, Hanes JC Jr, Barbeau P, Gutin B, Treviño RP, Yin Z
. Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older
Children in children of different races. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2007;
19: 6-19.
- 10. Janz KF, Lutuchy EM, Wenthe P, Levy SM. Measuring activity
in children and adolescent using self-report: PAQ-C and
PAQ-A. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 767-772.
- 11. Faghihimani Z, Nourian M, Nikkar AH, Farajzadegan Z,
Khavariyan N, Ghatrehsamani S, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R.
Validation of the child and adolescent international physical
activity questionnaires in Iranian children and adolescents.
ARYA Atherosclerosis Journal 2010; 5: 163-166.
- 12. Thomas EL, Upton D. Psychometric properties of the physical
activity questionnaire for older children (PAQ-C) in the UK.
Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2014; 15: 280-287.
- 13. Wang JJ, Baranowski T, Lau WP, Chen TA, Pitkethly AJ.
Validation of the physical activity questionnaire for older
children (PAQ-C) among Chinese children. Biomed Environ
Sci 2016; 29: 177-186.
- 14. Benitez-Porres J, Lopez-Fernandez I, Raya JF, Álvarez
Carnero S, Alvero-Cruz JR, Álvarez Carnero E. Reliability
and validity of the PAQ-C questionnaire to assess physical
activity in children. J Sch Health 2016; 86: 677-685.
- 15. Sousa, VD, Rojjanasrirat W. Translation, adaptation and
validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural
health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline. J Eval
Clin Pract 2011; 17: 268-274.
- 16. Chapman DW, Carter JF. Translation procedures for the
cross-cultural use of measurement instruments. Educational
Evaluation and Policy Analysis 1979; 1: 71-76.
- 17. Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content
validity. Nurs Res 1986; 35: 382-385.
- 18. Byrne BM. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL,
PRELIS, and SIMPLES: Basic Concepts, Applications, and
Programming. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Publishers; 1998.
- 19. Toyoda H. Introduction to Covariance Structural Analysis:
Structural Equation Modeling. Tokyo, Japan: Asakura-Shoten;
1998.
- 20. Kline RB. Methodology in the Social Sciences. Principles and
Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 2nd ed. New York,
NY, USA: Guilford Press; 2005.
- 21. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model
fit. Sociological Methods & Research 1992; 21: 230-258.
- 22. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance
structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives.
Structural Equation Modeling 1999; 6: 1-55.
- 23. Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen M. Structural equation
modeling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic
Journal of Business Research Methods 2008; 6: 53-60.
- 24. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of
tests. Psychometrika 1951; 16: 297-334.
- 25. Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York, NY,
USA: McGraw-Hill; 1978.
- 26. Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical Methods for Rates and
Proportions. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons;
2003.
- 27. Tavşancıl E. Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi. 4.
Baskı. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2010 (in Turkish).
- 28. Karagün E. Opinions of active teachers about physical
education and sports classes: Izmit case. Journal of Research
in Education and Teaching 2017; 6: 139-148 (article in Turkish
with an abstract in English).
- 29. Demirhan G, Bulca Y, Saçlı F, Kangalgil M. Physical education
teachers’ problems in practice and suggested solutions. H. U.
Journal of Education 2014; 29: 57-68 (article in Turkish with an
abstract in English).
- 30. Mamak H. Elementary school level factors affecting the
achievement objectives of physical education and sport classes.
Selçuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sport
Science 2012; 14: 109-115 (article in Turkish with an abstract
in English).
- 31. Harrington D. Confirmatory Factor Analysis. New York, NY,
USA: Oxford University Press; 2009.