Obesity in children and adolescents and its relationship with hypertension

It is difficult to project the prevalence of obesity and overweight among children in India since there is no nationally representative data from India. We determined the time trends in childhood obesity in a representative sample of schoolchildren from Raichur District, Karnataka and investigated the relationship of obesity with blood pressure. Materials and methods: We used a stratified random cluster sampling method to select the children. Anthropometric data were collected from 23,842 students, 5-16 years of age, during 2005-06. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were collected from 19,263 students during 2007-08. Overweight and obesity were defined by body mass index for gender and age. Gender, age, and height were considered for determining hypertension. Results: The rate of overweight children increased from 4.94% of the total students in 2005 to 6.57% in 2007 (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.25-1.47; P < 0.0001). The increase was significant in both boys and girls. The rate of overweight children was significantly higher in urban regions and in private schools, and the rising trend was limited to private schools. Systolic or diastolic incident hypertension was found in 17.34% of overweight children versus 10.1% of the remaining students (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.60-2.17; P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The present study shows that, childhood obesity showed a rising trend in a period of 2 years. The results put forward the need for greater public awareness and prevention programmes on childhood obesity and hypertension. Hypertension was common in overweight children. Overweight is a rising health problem in children and adolescents in Raichur city.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Child, adolescents, hypertension, obesity

Obesity in children and adolescents and its relationship with hypertension

Keywords:

Key words: Child, adolescents, hypertension, obesity,

PDF

___

Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. Th e Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics 1998; 102: E29.
Nanda K. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in children. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8: 613-18.
Li X, Li S, Ulusoy E, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Childhood adiposity as a predictor of cardiac mass in adulthood: Th e Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110: 3488-92. 4. World Health Organization. Preventing chronic diseases: A vital investment. World Global Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
Ogden CL, Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL. Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994. Pediatrics 1997; 99: E1.
Chhatwal J, Verma M, Riar SK. Obesity among pre-adolescent and adolescents of a developing country (India). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004; 13: 231-5.
Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vinitha R, Th ayyil M, Kumar CK, Sheeba L et al. Prevalence of overweight in urban Indian adolescent school children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 57: 185-90.
Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Singh Y, Aggarwal R, Grewal K, Mani K. A study of growth parameters and prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children from Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43: 943-52.
Khadilkar VV, Khadilkar AV. Prevalence of obesity in affl uent school boys in Pune. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41: 857-8.
Kapil U, Singh P, Pathak P, Dwivedi SN, Bhasin S. Prevalence of obesity amongst affl uent adolescent school children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39: 449-52.
Verma M, Chhatwal J, George SM. Obesity and hypertension in children. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31: 1065-9.
Mohan B, Kumar N, Aslam N, Rangbulla A, Kumbkarni S, Sood NK et al. Prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity in urban and rural school going children in Ludhiana. Indian Heart J 2004; 56: 310-4.
Anand NK, Tandon L. Prevalence of hypertension in school going children. Indian Pediatr 1996; 33: 377-81.
Gupta AK, Ahmad AJ. Childhood obesity and hypertension. Indian Pediatr 1990; 27: 333-7.
International Life Sciences Institute. Preventing Childhood Obesity is a Current Research Focus: Initiatives Cooperate to Share Information and Stem Epidemic. Th e PAN Report: Physical Activity and Nutrition, USA, International Life Sciences Institute, 2000; 2: 5.
Al-Nuaim AR, Bamgboye EA, al-Herbish A. Th e pattern of growth and obesity in Saudi Arabian male school children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 1996; 20: 1000-1005.
Mo-Suwan L, Junjana C. Puetapaiboon A. Increasing obesity in school children in Transitional society and the eff ect of the weight control programme. South East Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1993; 24: 590-594.
Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. CDC growth charts for the United States [database on the internet]. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/growthcharts/zscore/ bmiagerev.xls (accessed on 12 January 2007).
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Th e fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 555-76.
Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA, Guthrie GP Jr, Cottrill CM, McKean HE. Correlates of adolescent blood pressure at fi ve- year follow-up. Hypertension 1980; 2: 124-9.
Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Lauer RM. Changes in ponderosity and blood pressure in childhood: Th e Muscatine Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 195-206.
Johnson AL, Cornoni JC, Cassel JC, Tyroler HA, Heyden S, Hames CG. Infl uence of race, sex and weight on blood pressure behavior in young adults. Am J Cardiol 1975; 35: 523-30.
Gidding SS, Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Eff ects of secular trends in obesity on coronary risk factors in children: Th e Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 868-74.
Morrison JA, Laskarzewski PM, Rauh JL, Brookman R, Mellies M, Frazer M et al. Lipids, lipoproteins, and sexual maturation during adolescence: Th e Princeton maturation study. Metabolism 1979; 28: 641-9.
Higgins MW, Keller JB, Metzner HL, Moore FE, Ostrander LD Jr. Studies of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. II. Antecedents in childhood of high blood pressure in young adults. Hypertension 1980; 2 (Suppl 1): 117-23.
Sorof JM , Bernard L, Franco K, Poff enbarger T, Portman RJ. Hypertension, obesity, and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children and adolescents. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15: 203A-203A.
Ge K. Body mass index of young Chinese adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1997; 6: 175-9.
Ko GT, Chan JC, Woo J, Lau E, Yeung VT, Chow CC et al. Simple anthropometric indexes and cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997; 21: 995-1001.
Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Zaman MM, Yamaguchi M. Descriptive epidemiology of body mass index in Japanese adults in a representative sample from the National Nutrition Survey 1990-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 684-7.
Aekplakorn W, Chaiyapong Y, Neal B, Chariyalertsak S, Kunanusont C, Phoolcharoen W et al. Prevalence and determinants of overweight and obesity in Th ai adults: Results of the Second National Health Examination Survey. J Med Assoc Th ai 2004; 87: 685-93.
Griffi ths PL, Bentley ME. Th e nutrition transition is underway in India. J Nutr 2001; 131: 2692-700.
Chu NF. Prevalence of obesity in Taiwan. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 271-4.
Wu Y. Overweight and obesity in China. BMJ 2006; 333: 362- 3.
Bar-Or O, Foreyt J, Bouchard C, Brownell KD, Dietz WH, Ravussin E et al. Physical activity, genetic, and nutritional considerations in childhood weight management. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 2-10.
HN Harsha Kumar, Padma Mohana, Shashidhar Kotian, BS Sajjan, Kumar SG. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among pre-school children in semi urban South India. Indian Pediatrics 2008; 45: 497-499.
Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poff enbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 475-82.
Elcarte Lopez R, Villa Elizaga I, Sada Goni J, Gasco Eguiluz M, Oyarzabal Irigoyen M, Sola Mateos A et al. Th e Navarra study. Prevalence of arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity in the infant-child population of Navarra. Association of risk factors. An Esp Pediatr 1993; 38: 428-36.
Guillaume M, Lapidus L, Beckers F, Lambert A, Bjorntorp P. Cardiovascular risk factors in children from the Belgian province of Luxembourg. Th e Belgian Luxembourg Child Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 867-80.
Macedo ME, Trigueiros D, de Freitas F. Prevalence of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Infl uence of obesity. Rev Port Cardiol 1997; 16: 27-8.
Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Th e relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: Th e Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1175-82.
Morrison JA, Barton BA, Biro FM, Daniels SR, Sprecher DL. Overweight, fat patterning, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white boys. J Pediatr 1999; 135: 451-7.
Sorof JM, Poff enbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ. Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity, and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J Pediatr 2002;140: 660-6.
Ribeiro J, Guerra S, Pinto A, Oliveira J, Duarte J, Mota J. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: relationship with blood pressure, and physical activity. Ann Hum Biol 2003; 30: 203-13.
Sood A, Sundararaj P, Sharma S, Kurpad AV, Muthayya S. BMI and body fat percent: affl uent adolescent girls in Bangalore City. Indian Pediatrics 2007; 44: 587-592.
Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N, Merchant AT. Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutr J 2005; 4: 24.