Dilek SAĞLAM, Gülüzar ATLI, Zehra DOĞAN, Emine BAYSOY, Ceren GURLER, Ali EROGLU, Mustafa CANLI

Response of the antioxidant system of freshwater fish (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to metals (Cd, Cu) in differing hardness

Suyun sertliği, metal toksisitesi ve balık fizyolojisini etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, suda çözünmüş metallerin balık fizyolojisi üzerine olan etkisi farklı coğrafik bölgelerde farklılık gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı su ortamında Cd ve Cunun (1 mg/L) tatlısu balığı Oreochromis niloticusun antioksidan sistemi üzerine olan toksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Balıklar, sert su (320 mg CaCO3/ L, iletkenlik 5.80 mS/cm) ve yumuşak suda (80 mg CaCO3/ L, iletkenlik 1.77 mS/cm) 1, 7 ve 14 gün süre ile metal etkisine bırakıldıktan sonra antioksidan enzim (süperoksit dismutaz, SOD; katalaz, CAT; glutatyon peroksidaz, GPX; glutatyon redüktaz, GR ve glutatyon S-transferaz, GST) aktiviteleri ve toplam glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle ölçülmüştür. Yumuşak suda Cu etkisinde kalan balıklarda 8. günden sonra ölümler gözlenirken, diğer koşullarda balık ölümü görülmemiştir. Balık antioksidan sistemi farklı sulardaki metal etkilerine farklı tepkiler vermiştir. Benzer şekilde, kontrol balıkların antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri de suyun sertliğine bağlı olarak değişim göstermiştir. Metaller yumuşak suda, sert su ile karşılaştırıldığında, antioksidan sistem üzerine daha etkili olmuştur. En duyarlı antioksidan enzim CAT olurken, bunu SOD ve GPX izlemiştir. Genel olarak, CAT ve GSH düzeylerinde artış yönünde bir eğilim görülürken, SOD ve GPX düzeylerinde azalış yönünde bir eğilim gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, su kimyasının balık antioksidan sistemi ve metal toksisitesi üzerinde etkileri olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Böyle çalışmalar farklı bölgelerden elde edilen balık biyomarkırlarının değerlendirilmesinde ve çevresel gözlemlerde yararlı olabilmektedir.

Metal (Cd, Cu) etkisindeki tatlısu balığının (Oreochromis niloticus) farklı sertlikteki sularda antioksidan sistem cevabı

Freshwater hardness affects metal toxicity and fish physiology. Therefore, the effects of dissolved metals on fish physiology may differ in waters from different geographic regions. In this study, toxic effects of Cd and Cu (1 mg/L) on the antioxidant system of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus were investigated in two different waters (commercial and tap water). Fish were exposed to metals in hard water (320 mg CaCO3/ L, conductivity 5.80 mS/cm) and soft water (80 mg CaCO3/ L, conductivity 1.77 mS/cm) for 1, 7 and 14 days and consequently the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione reductase, GR and glutathione S-transferase, GST) and total glutathione (GSH) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Cu exposure of fish in soft water caused fish mortality after 8 days, though there was no fish mortality in the other conditions. The antioxidant system of fish responded differently to metal exposures in waters with differing hardness. Metal exposures in soft water showed predominant effects on the antioxidant system of fish comparing to hard water exposures. Similarly, antioxidant enzyme activities also altered in control fish depending on the hardness of waters. In general, CAT was the most sensitive antioxidant enzyme followed by SOD and GPX. CAT and GSH showed an increasing trend while a decreasing trend was observed for SOD and GPX. This study emphasized that the water chemistry affects the fish antioxidant system and metal toxicity that may be useful in environmental monitoring and also evaluating biomarkers in fish from different regions.

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