Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) is an epipelagic, neritic as well as oceanic species. In present study, genetic variation was surveyed using PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region to test for the presence of stock structure of frigate tuna along the Indian coast. A total of 364 individuals were sampled from eight major fishing zones along the Indian coast. PCRRFLP analyses of D-loop revealed significant genetic heterogeneity between samples of Port-Blair and rest of the Indian coast. Population genetic structure was also corroborated by significant value of global test of population differentiation among samples (P = 0.01). Therefore, the null hypothesis of single genetic stock of frigate tuna along the Indian coast can be rejected. The results of present study suggest the two genetic stocks of frigate tuna across the coastal waters of India.
___
Asahida, T., Kobayashi, T., Saitoh, K. and Nakayama, I. 1996. Tissue preservation and total DNA extraction from fish stored at ambient temperature using buffers containing high concentration of urea. Fish. Sci., 62: 727-730.
Boustany, A.M., Reeb, C.A. and Block, B.A. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA and electronic tracking reveal population structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Mar. Biol., 156: 13-24.
Buonaccorsi, V.P., Reece, K.S., Morgan, L.S. and Graves, J.E. 1999. Geographic distribution of molecular variance within the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans). A hierarchical analysis of allozyme, single copy nuclear DNA, and mitochondrial DNA markers. Evolution, 53: 568-579.
Carlsson, J., McDowell, J.R., Carlsson, J.E.L. and Graves, J.E. 2007. Genetic identity of YOY bluefin tuna from the eastern and western Atlantic spawning areas. J. Hered., 98: 23-28.
Chow, S. and Ushiama, H. 1995. Global population structure of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) inferred by RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ATPase gene. Mar. Biol., 123: 39-45.
Collette, B.B. and Nauen, C.E. 1983. FAO species catalogue, vol. 2.Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos, and related species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop., 125: 1-137.
Crosetti, D., Nelson, W.S. and Avise, J.C. 1994. Pronounced genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA among populations of the circumglobally distributed grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). J. Fish Biol., 44: 47-58.
Curole, J.P. and Kocher, T.D. 1999. Mitogenomics: digging deeper with complete mitochondrial genomes. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14: 394-398.
Dammannagoda, S.T., Hurwood, D.A. and Mather, P.B. 2008. Evidence for fine geographical scale heterogeneity in gene frequency in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) from north Indian Ocean around Srilanka. Fish. Res., 90 (1-3): 147-157.
Dammannagoda, S.T., Hurwood, D.A. and Mather, P.B. 2011. Genetic analysis reveals two stocks of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in northwestern Indian Ocean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 68: 210-223.
Donaldson, K.A. and Wilson, R.R. 1999. Amphi-Panamaic geminates of snook (Percoidei. Centropomidae) provide a calibration of the divergence rates in the mitochondrial DNA control region of fishes. Mol. Phylo. Evol., 13: 208-213.
Durand, J.D., Collet, A., Chow, S., Guinand, B. and Borsa, P. 2005. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers indicate unidirectional gene flow of Indo-Pacific to Atlantic bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) populations, and their admixture off southern Africa. Mar. Biol., 147: 313-322.
Excoffier, L. and Lischer, H.E.L. 2010. Arlequin suite ver. 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol. Ecol. Resources, 10: 564-567.
Excoffier, L., Smouse, P.E. and Quattro, J.M. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131: 479-491.
Fu, Y.X. 1997. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics, 147: 915-925.
Grant, W.S. and Bowen, B.W. 1998. Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes. insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation. J. Hered., 89: 415-426.
Graves, J.E. 1998. Molecular insights into the population structures of cosmopolitan marine fishes. J. Hered., 89: 427-437.
Graves, J.E. and McDowell, J.R. 1995. Inter-ocean genetic-divergence of istiophorid billfishes. Mar. Biol., 122: 193-203.
Hoolihan, J.P., Premanandh, J., DAloia-Palmieri, M.A. and Benzie, J.A.H. 2004. Intraspecific phylogeographic isolation of Arabian Gulf sailfish Istiophorus platypterus inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Mar. Biol., 145: 465-475.
Kimura, S. and Satapoomin, U. 2009. Fishes of Andaman Sea West Coast of Southern Thailand. National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 346 pp.
Kumar, G., Kunal, S.P., Menezes, M.R. and Meena, M.R. 2012. Single genetic stock of kawakawa Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) along the Indian coast inferred from sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. Conser. Genet., DOI 10.1007/s10592-012-0359-5.
Lindak, P. and Paul, M. 1994. Developments in molecular genetic techniques in fisheries. Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish., 4: 272-299.
Maguire, J.J., Sissenwine, M., Csirke, J., Grainger, R. and Garcia, S. 2006. Highly migratory species. The State of World Highly Migratory, Straddling and Other High Seas Fishery Resources and Associated Species. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 84 pp.
McManus, J.W. 1985. Marine speciation tectonics and sea- level changes in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, Vol. 4 pp. 133-138.
Menezes, M.R., Ikeda, M. and Taniguchi, N. 2006. Genetic variation in skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (L.) using PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J. Fish Biol., 68 (a): 156-161.
Menezes, M.R., Kumar, G. and Kunal, S.P. 2012: Population genetic structure of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis from the Indian coast using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J. Fish Biol., 80: 2198-2212.
Menezes, M.R., Noguchi, D., Nakajima, M. and Taniguchi, N. 2008. Microsatellite development and survey of genetic variation in skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (L.). J. Fish Biol., 73: 463-473.
Morley, R.J. and Flenley, J.R. 1987. Late Cainozoic vegetational and environmental changes in the Malay Archipelago. In: T.C. Whitmore (Ed.), Biogeographical Evolution of the Malay Archipelago. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 50-59.
Muthaih, C. 1985. Maturation and spawning of Euthynnus affinis, Auxis thazard and A. rochei in the Mangalore inshore area during 1979-1982. In: E.G. Silas (Ed.), Tuna fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India: Biology and stock assessment. Bulletin of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 36: 71-85.
Nei, M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, 512 pp
Palumbi, S.R. 1994. Genetic-divergence reproductive isolation and marine speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25: 547-572.
Pillai, N.G.K. and Mallia, J.V. 2007. Bibliography on Tunas. CMFRI Special Publication No. 92: 325 pp
Pillai, P.P. and Gopakumar, G. 2003. In: M. Mohan Joseph, A.A. Jayaprakash, (Eds.), Status of exploited marine fishery resources of India. 51-59.
Randall, J.E. 1998. Zoogeography of shore fishes of the Indo-Pacific region. Zool. Stud., 37(4): 227-268.
Randall, J.E. and Satapoomin, U. 1999. Archamia ataenia a new species of cardinalfish (Perciformes: Apogonidae) from the Andaman Sea and Mentawai Islands. Res. Bull. Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent., 62: 1-8.
Rao, K.V.N. 1964. An account of the ripe ovaries of some Indian tunas. Proceedings of the Symposium on Scombroid Fishes, Part 2. Marine Biological Association of India Symposium Series 1, 733-743.
Reiss, H., Hoarau, G., Dickey-Collas, M. and Wolff, W.J. 2009. Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units. Fish Fish., 10: 361-395.
Rossi, A.R., Capula, M. and Crosetti, D. 1998. Allozyme variation in global populations of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus (Pisces: Mugilidae). Mar. Biol., 131: 203-212.
Satapoomin, U. 2007. A Guide to Reef Fishes of the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, 231 pp.
Satapoomin, U. and Winterbottom, R. 2002. Redescription of the gobioid fish Cryptocentrus pavoninoides (Bleeker, 1849) with notes on sexual dichromatism in shrimp gobies. Aqua- J. Ichthy. Aquat. Biol., 5(2): 53-64.
Slatkin, M. and Hudson, R. 1991. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics, 129: 555-562.
Tajima, F. 1983. Evolutionary relationship of DNA sequences to finite populations. Genetics, 105: 437-460.
Tajima, F. 1989. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 10: 512-526.
Takahata, N. and Palumbi, S.R. 1985. Extranuclear differentiation and gene flow in the finite island model. Genetics, 109: 441-457.
Teacher, A.G.F. and Griffiths, D.J. 2011. HapStar: automated haplotype network layout and visualization. Mol. Ecol. Resources, 11: 151-153.
Ward, R.D., Elliot N.G., Innes, B.H., Smolenski, A.J. and Grewe, P.M. 1997. Global population structure of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) inferred from allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation. Fish. Bull., 95: 566-575.