Fisheries management in the Black Sea countries

Fisheries management is a governmental system of management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management mean to implement the rules, which are put in place by a system of monitoring control and surveillance (MCS). Modern fisheries management is most often based on biological arguments where the idea is to protect the biological resource in order to exploit the resource in a sustainable manner. The political goal of resource use is often a weak part of the system of fisheries management, as conflicting objective is often found when exploiting a fish resource as to maximize sustainable biomass yield and sustainable economic yield, to increase employment in the certain regions, to secure protein production and food supply and increase income from export. International agreements are required in order to regulate fisheries taking place in areas outside national control. The desire for agreement on this and other maritime issues led to the treaty known as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Concepts such as exclusive economic zones (EEZ, extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the nation's coasts) allocate certain sovereign rights and responsibilities for resource management to individual countries. The Black Sea countries had been agreed on EEZ of 200 nautical miles zone and have national sovereignties. In the case of highly migratory species and straddling fish stocks, this sovereign responsibility must be exercised in collaboration with neighboring coastal states and fishing entities, usually through the medium of an intergovernmental regional organization set up for the purpose of coordinating the management of that stock. Although certain intentions, there is no specific action on to set up an agreement on common management of the resources which should be based on the internationally agreed, albeit non-binding, standard Code of Conduct for the Responsible Fisheries agreed at an FAO session in 1995 including the precautionary approach within concrete management rules as minimum spawning biomass, maximum fishing mortality rates, etc. The Black Sea has been subjected to very serious environmental impacts since mid 20th Century due to anthropogenic dumping, huge chemical pollution mainly via Danube River, invasion by alien species, nuclear pollution, climate change, and over fishing, illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing. Riparian countries use same fishery resources mostly in migratory small pelagics. In case of shared stocks, intergovernmental agreement is unavoidable. After the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, the Black Sea has become the sovereign responsibility of Common Fishery Policy of EU and GFCM. In this paper, it is aimed to gather all fisheries management applications of individual Riparian countries in order to compare and summarize them for further common management purposes.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Karadeniz, balıkçılık, balıkçılık işletmeciliği, Türkiye, uluslararası kıyaslamalar

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