Fuzzy logic approach to Henry factor for distributed feedback laser case

In this study, a simple approach for intelligent modeling of the Henry factor (a-alpha parameter, antiguiding factor, phase-amplitude coupling factor) or the so-called linewidth enhancement factor, which is an actual analysis and design parameter for semiconductor laser diodes and optical communication systems, is proposed based on the fuzzy logic (FL) phenomenon. The proposed FL-based model easily computes the Henry factor in terms of different wavelengths and injection current levels (i.e. the inputs of the model). The experimental data belong to a distributed feedback laser, obtained from amplified spontaneous emission spectra, which is among the techniques required for the characterization of semiconductor lasers. For the Henry factor, the suggested method's approximation provides predictions within the accuracy level of 95%--99.99%.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Linewidth enhancement factor, fuzzy logic, distributed feedback laser diode

Fuzzy logic approach to Henry factor for distributed feedback laser case

Keywords:

Linewidth enhancement factor, fuzzy logic, distributed feedback laser diode,

PDF

___

R.D. Martin, S. Forouhar, S. Keo, “CW performance of an INGAAS-GAAS-ALGAAS laterally-coupled distributed
feedback (LC-DFB) ridge laser-diode”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 7, pp. 244–246, 1995.
K. Kojima, K. Kyuma, T. Nakayama, “Analysis of the spectral linewidth of distributed feedback laser-diodes”,
Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 3, pp. 1048–1055, 1985.
J.B.M. Boavida, J.A.P. Morgado, C.A.F. Fernandes, “HR-AR coated DFB lasers with high-yield and enhanced
above-threshold performance”, Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 729–735, 2011.
C.H. Henry, “Theory of the linewidth of semiconductor-lasers”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 18, pp. 259–264, 1982.
L.D. Westbrook, M.J. Adams, “Explicit approximations for the linewidth enhancement factor in quantum-well
lasers”, IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics, Vol. 135, pp. 223–225, 1988.
G. Hunziker, W. Knop, P. Unger, C. Harder, “Gain, refractive index, linewidth enhancement factor from sponta
neous emission of strained GaInP quantum-well lasers”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 31, pp. 643–646, 1995.
M. Osinski, J. Buus, “Linewidth broadening factor in semiconductor lasers - an overview”, IEEE Journal of Quantum
Electronics, Vol. 23, pp. 9–29, 1987.
G. Giuliani, “The linewidth enhancement factor of semiconductor lasers: usefulness, limitations, and measure
ments”, 23rd Annual Meeting of the IEEE Photonics Society, Denver, CO, USA, pp. 423–424, 2010.
E. Desurvire, M. Papuchon, J.P. Pocholle, “High-gain optical amplification of laser diode signal by Raman scattering
in single-mode fibers”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 19, pp. 751–753, 1983. [10]C.S. Chang, S.L. Chuang, J.R. Minch, “Amplified spontaneous emission spectroscopy in strained quantum-well lasers”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 1, pp. 1100–1107, 1995. [11] M. Yucel, H.H. Goktas, F.V. Celebi, “The effect of pump laser wavelength change on the temperature dependence
of EDFA”, IEEE 19th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, pp. 238–241, 2011. [12]M. Yucel, H.H. Goktas, F.V. Celebi, “Temperature independent length optimization of L-band EDFAs providing flat gain”, Optik, Vol. 122, pp. 872–876, 2011. [13] L. G¨okrem, F.V. C¸ elebi, R. Yıldırım, “Asymmetric amplitude variation for four tone small signal input GaN HEMT
at different temperatures”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 25, pp. 779–786, 2010. [14] R. Yıldırım, F.V. C¸ elebi, “Harmonic amplitude control in laser diodes with non-linear feedback”, Journal of the
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 25, pp. 163–170, 2010. [15] F.V. Celebi, R. Yildirim, B. Gergerli, L. Gokrem, “Alternative intermodulation frequency components”, Interna
tional Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies, 2009. [16] R. Yıldırım, F.V. C¸ elebi, “The computation of the angle between the gain and photon population by geometrical
approach”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 24, pp. 709–714, 2009. [17] R. Yıldırım, H.G. Yavuzcan, F.V. C¸ elebi, L. G¨okrem, “Temperature dependent Rolletti stability analysis of GaN
HEMT”, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Rapid Communications, Vol. 3, pp. 781–786, 2009. [18] M. Schetzen, R. Yildirim, F.V. C¸ elebi, “Intermodulation distortion of the single-mode laser-diode”, Applied Physics
B: Lasers and Optics, Vol. 4, pp. 837–847, 2008. [19] F.V. C¸ elebi, R. Yıldırım, “Distortion system theory of the two tone small signal input laser diode”, Journal of the
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 20, pp. 373–377, 2005. [20] R. Yildirim, F.V. C¸ elebi, “Design of a chaotic optical communication system by using Raman with noise addition
technique”, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 5662, pp. 389–394, 2004. [21]D. Kahani, E.D. Kohan, P.K. Aghaee, M.H. Sheykhi, “Modeling and control of tunable vertical cavity laser diode”, Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 44, pp. 295–300, 2012.
B.A. Ghani, M. Hammadi, “Investigation of the intracavity frequency doubling of a gain-switched InGaAs/GaAs
pulsed diode laser”, Optik, Vol. 123, pp. 1236–1239, 2012.
M. Wasiak, “Mathematical rigorous approach to simulate an over-threshold VCSEL operation”, Physica E - Low
Dimensional Systems & Nanostructures, Vol. 43, pp. 1439–1444, 2011. [24] V. Jerabek, I. Huettel, “Theoretical model of the bistable semiconductor laser diode based on the rate equations”,
Radio Engineering, Vol. 20, pp. 486–492, 2011.
J. Shang, X. Zeng, “Vector far-field propagation of a high-power laser diode”, Optik, Vol. 122, pp. 1272–1274, 2011. [26]D. Labukhin, C.A. Stolz, N.A. Zakhleniuk, “Modified Fabry-Perot and rate equation methods for the nonlinear dynamics of an optically injected semiconductor laser”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 45, pp. 864– 872, 2009.
A. Ray, “Study of the frequency fluctuations of a semiconductor diode laser”, Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol.
86, pp. 351–358, 2008. [28] Z.G. Zhao, K.L. Duan, B.D. Lu, “Far-field distributions of double-heterostructure diode lasers: an improved non
equiphase model”, Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 24, pp. 2836–2838, 2007. [29] A.D. McAulay, “Modeling the brain with laser diodes”, Conference on Active and Passive Optical Components for
Communications VII, Vol. 6775, pp. B7750–B7750, 2007. [30]X.D. Zeng, Z.J. Feng, Y.Y. An, “Far-field expression of a high-power laser diode”, Applied Optics, Vol. 43, pp. 5168–5172, 2004.
53, pp. 2703–2705, 2011. [37]H.H. Goktas, M. Yucel, “A fuzzy logic based device for the determination of temperature dependence of EDFAS”, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 50, pp. 2331–2334, 2008. [38] F.V. Celebi, M. Yucel, S. Yigit, “Optical gain modelling in type I and type II quantum cascade lasers by using
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system”, 20th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, Proceedings, 2012.
M. Yucel, F.V. Celebi, H.H. Goktas, “Simple and efficient ANN model proposed for the temperature dependence
of EDFA gain based on experimental results”, Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 45, pp. 488–494, 2013. [40] M. Yucel, H.H. Goktas, G. Akkaya, “Optimization of the three stages L band EDFA”, 20th Signal Processing and
Communications Applications Conference, Proceedings, 2012. [41]F.V. Celebi, M. Yucel, H.H. Goktas, “Fuzzy logic based device to implement a single CAD model for a laser diode based on characteristic quantities”, Optik, Vol. 123, pp. 471–474, 2012. [42] F.V. Celebi, T. Altindag, “An accurate optical gain model using adaptive neurofuzzy inference system”, Optoelec
M.A. Khodasevich, G.V. Sinitsyn, Y.A. Varaksa, “Optimizing the transfer characteristics of erbium fiber amplifiers
using a genetic algorithm”, Journal of Optical Technology, Vol. 78, pp. 672–674, 2011. [46] J.C.A. Bastos-Filho, D.A.R. Chaves, H.A. Pereira, J.F. Martins-Filho, “Genetic algorithm for amplifiers gain
optimization in all-optical networks”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Telecommunications Symposium, Vol.
1–2, pp. 700–705, 2006.
X. Liu, J. Chen, C. Lu, X. Zhou, “Optimizing gain profile and noise performance for distributed fiber Raman
amplifiers”, Optics Express, Vol. 12, pp. 6053–6066, 2004. [48] F.V. Celebi, S. Yigit, R. Eryigit, “Optical gain model proposed with the use of artificial neural networks optimised by artificial bee colony algorithm”, Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, Rapid Communications, Vol. 5, pp.
1026–1029, 2011. [49] F.V. Celebi, “A comment on ‘A different approach to gain computation in laser diodes with respect to different
number of quantum-wells’ by Fatih V. Celebi, Optik 116 (2005) 375–378”, Optik, Vol. 117, p. 246, 2005. [50] F.V. C¸ elebi, “Modeling of the linewidth enhancement factors of the narrow and wide GaAs well semiconductor
lasers”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, Vol. 21, pp. 161–166, 2006.
F.V. Celebi, K. Danisman, “Neural estimator to determine alpha parameter in terms of quantum-well number”,
Optics and Laser Technology, Vol. 37, pp. 281–285, 2005. [52] S. Sagiroglu, F.V. Celebi, K. Danisman, “Modelling of the linewidth enhancement factor with the use of radial basis
function network”, AEU - Archiv fur Elektronik und Ubertragungstechnik, Vol. 56, pp. 51–54, 2002. [53] L. Wei, J. Xi, Y. Yu, “Linewidth enhancement factor measurement based on optical feedback self-mixing effect:
a genetic algorithm approach”, Journal of Optics A - Pure and Applied Optics, Vol. 11, Article Number 045505, 2009. [54] F.V. Celebi, K. Danisman, “A different approach for the computation of refractive index change in quantum-well
International Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies, 2009. [58] F.V. C¸ elebi, T. Altindag, R. Yildirim, L. G¨okrem,
“Semiconductor laser modeling with ANFIS”, International
Conference on Application of Information and Communication Technologies, 2009. [59] F.V. Celebi, K. Danisman, “A multi-layer perceptron network model for a quantum-well laser diode”, International
Conference on Computing and Informatics, 2006.
F.V. Celebi, I. Dalkiran, K. Danisman, “Injection level dependence of the gain, refractive index variation, and alpha
( α) parameter in broad-area InGaAs deep quantum-well lasers”, Optik, Vol. 117, pp. 511–515, 2006. [61] F.V. Celebi, “A proposed CAD model based on amplified spontaneous emission spectroscopy”, Journal of Opto
electronics and Advanced Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 1573–1579, 2005. [62] S. Kumar, “Automatic fuzzy rule base generation”, Proceedings of the One Week Workshop on Applied Soft
Computing, Haryana Engineering College, Jagadhri, Haryana, India, pp. 26–42, 2005. [63] C.F. Juang, H.J. Huang, C.M. Lu, “Fuzzy controller design by ant colony optimization”, IEEE Proceedings on
Fuzzy Systems, 2007. [64] K. Shakti, B. Parvinder, “Fuzzy rule base generation from numerical data using ant colony optimization”, MAIMT
- Journal of IT and Management, Vol. 1, pp. 33–47, 2007. [65] S. Kumar, P. Kaur, A. Singh, “Soft computing approaches to fuzzy system identification: a survey”, Third
International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Networks, Jagadhri, Haryana, pp. 402–411, 2009.
O. Nelles, M. Fischer, B. Muller, “Fuzzy rule extraction by a genetic algorithm and constrained nonlinear optimiza
tion of membership functions”, Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Vol. 1, pp. 213–219, 1996.
Y. Shi, R. Eberhart, Y. Chen, “Implementation of evolutionary fuzzy systems”, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy
Systems, Vol. 7, pp. 109–119, 1999. [68] H. Surmann, “Learning a fuzzy rule based knowledge representation”, Proceedings of the 2nd ICSC Symposium on
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C, Vol. 33, pp. 24–32, 2003. [72] C.C. Lee, “Fuzzy logic in control systems: fuzzy logic controller, part I-II”, IEE Transactions on Systems, Man,
and Cybernetics, Vol. 20, pp. 404–435, 1990.
J. Minch, S.L. Chuang, C.S. Chang, “Theory and experiment on the amplified spontaneous emission from
distributed-feedback lasers”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 33, pp. 815–823, 1997. [74] T.J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, New York, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1995.