Pal Washa Shahzad RATHORE, Muhammad Armaghan Faisal MIRAJ, Muhammad Bilal MALIK, Sher AFGAN, Rana Faizan SALEEM, Shan SHAHZAD, Irza AKHTAR

Structural interpretation and petrophysical approach for subsurface fracture identification of Joya Mair area, NW-Himalayas, Pakistan

: Identification of fracture zone is a challenging task without the image log data. There are many brownfields around the world where the image log has not been acquired; therefore, there must be an alternative way of fracture identification. In this paper, a conventional log response technique for fracture delineation has been discussed. The study area lies in the Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan, which is sub-divided into the Kohat and Potwar basins. Minwal-X-1 of Joya Mair area, which lies in the Potwar Basin, is selected for this purpose. Eocene limestone units are formed due to fracture porosity. The objective of the current research is to interpret the subsurface structure and to identify the fractured zones with the help of conventional well log responses. Subsurface seismic interpretation reveals that the area has a triangular zone structure formed as a result of compressional tectonics. Well log responses indicate the presence of the fracture zones in the Chorgali Formation and Sakesar Limestone of Eocene age in Minwal-X-1 well. Few zones, which can be possible fractured zones, in these formations were marked by analyzing the conventional log responses and secondary porosity index (SPI). All the conventional log responses and cross plots support the presence of fracturing in Eocene limestones. The technique of identifying fractured zones with the help of conventional log responses is beneficial for researchers as FMI, and core data are very expensive and not available to everyone. Therefore, the convention log-based approach can be helpful where image log data (FMI) is not available.

PDF

___

Ahsan N, Chaudhry MN (2008). Geology of Hettangian to Middle Eocene Rock of Hazara and Kashmir Basins, northwest lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin of Panjab University 43: 131-152.
Beck RA, Burbank DW, Sercombe WJ, Riley GW, Barndt JK et al. (1995). Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia. Nature 373(6509): 55.
Chatterjee S, Goswami A, Scotese CR (2013). The longest voyage: tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia. Gondwana Research 23 (1): 238-267.
Chaudhry MN, Ghazanfar M, Ahsan N (1994). Rates of sedimentation of Kawagarh formation at Giah and Timing of Uplift at KT boundary. Pakistan Journal of Geology 2: 29-32.
Fertl WH (1979). Gamma ray spectral data assists in complex formation evaluation. The Log Analyst, 20(05).
Goswami TK, Mahanta BN, Mukherjee S, Syngai BR, Sarmah RK (2020). Orogen-transverse structures in the eastern Himalaya: Dextral Riedel shear along the Main Boundary Thrust in the Garu-Gensi area (Arunachal Pradesh, India), implication in hydrocarbon geoscience. Marine and Petroleum Geology 114: 1-17.
Jadoon IA, Hinderer M, Wazir B, Yousaf R, Bahadar S et al. (2015). Structural styles, hydrocarbon prospects, and potential in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, north Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 8 (7): 5111-5125.
Jaeger JJ, Courtillot V, Tapponnier P (1989). Paleontological view of the ages of the Deccan Traps, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and the India-Asia collision. Geology 17 (4): 316- 319.
Jaswal TM, Lillie RJ, Lawrence RD (1997). Structure and evolution of the northern Potwar deformed zone, Pakistan. AAPG bulletin 81 (2): 308-328.
Kadri IB, 1995. Petroleum geology of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Pakistan Petroleum Limited.
Katahara KW (1995). Gamma ray log response in shaly sands. The Log Analyst, 36(04).
Kazmi AH, Jan Q (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Karachi, Pakistan: Graphic Publishers.
Kearey P, Klepeis KA, Vine FJ (2009). Global tectonics. 3rd ed. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
Khan MA, Ahmed R, Raza HA, Kemal A (1986). Geology of petroleum in Kohat-Potwar depression, Pakistan. AAPG bulletin 70 (4): 396-414.
Kozary MT, Dunlap JC, Humphrey WE (1968). Incidence of saline deposits in geologic time. Geological Society of America 88: 43-57.
McKenzie D, Sclater JG (1971). The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous. Geophysical Journal International 24 (5): 437-528.
Miraj MAF, Idrees MZ, Shahzad S (2021). Subsurface structural interpretation of missa Keswal Area, Eastern Potwar, Pakistan. The Iraqi Geological Journal 54 (1C):146-156.
Moghal MA, Saqi MI, Hameed A, Bugti MN (2007). Subsurface geometry of Potwar sub-basin in relation to structuration and entrapment. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research 17: 61- 72.
Mo’men A, Darwish M, Abdelhady A, Essa MA (2017). Structural and Lithostratigraphic evolution of Al Baraka Oil field, Komombo Basin, Upper Egypt as deduce from 2D seismic lines and well logging data. Journal of Basic and Environmental Sciences 2: 149-169.
Moore WR, Ma YZ, Urdea J, Bratton T (2011). Uncertainty analysis in well-log and petrophysical interpretations. AAPG Memoir 96: 17–28.
Mukherjee S, Kumar N (2018). A first-order model for temperature rise for uniform and differential compression of sediments in basins. International Journal of Earth Sciences 107 (8): 2999- 3004.
Pilbeam D, Barry J, Meyer GE, Shah SI, Pickford MH et al. (1977). Geology and palaeontology of Neogene strata of Pakistan. Nature 270 (5639): 684-689.
Powell CM (1979). A speculative tectonic history of Pakistan and surroundings. Quetta, Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan.
Searle MP, Windley BF, Coward MP, Cooper DJW, Rex AJ et al. (1987). The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98 (6): 678-701.
Shah J, Srivastava DC, Joshi S (2012). Sinistral transpression along the Main Boundary Thrust in Amritpur area, Southeastern Kumaun Himalaya, India. Tectonophysics 532: 258-270.
Shalaby MR, Islam MA (2017). Fracture detection using conventional well logging in carbonate Matulla Formation, Geisum oil field, southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 7 (4): 977-989.
Shami BA, Baig MS (2002). Geomodeling for enhancement of hydrocarbon potential of Joya Mair Field (Potwar) Pakistan. In: PAPG-SPE Annual Technical Conference; Islamabad, Pakistan. pp. 124-145.
Smith HA, Chamberlain CP, Zeitler PK (1994). Timing and duration of Himalayan metamorphism within the Indian plate, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. The Journal of Geology 102 (5): 493-508.
Szabó NP (2011). Shale volume estimation based on the factor analysis of well-logging data. Acta Geophysica 59 (5): 935-953.
Tahirkheli RAK, Mattauer M, Proust F, Tapponnier P (1977). Some new data on the India-Eurasia convergence in the Pakistani Himalayas. Himalaya Science de la Terre 268: 209-220.
Telford WM, Telford WM, Geldart LP, Sheriff R, Sheriff RE (1990). Applied geophysics. Cambridge university press.
Treloar PJ, Izatt CN (1993). Tectonics of the Himalayan collision between the Indian plate and the Afghan block: A synthesis. Geological Society of London 74 (1): 69-87.
Treloar PJ, Rex DC, Guise PG, Coward MP, Searle MP et al. (1989). K-Ar and Ar-Ar geochronology of the Himalayan collision in NW Pakistan: Constraints on the timing of suturing, deformation, metamorphism and uplift. Tectonics 8 (4): 881- 909.
White LT, Lister GS (2012). The collision of India with Asia. Journal of Geodynamics 56: 7-17.
Yoshida M, Santosh M (2018). Voyage of the Indian subcontinent since Pangea breakup and driving force of supercontinent cycles: Insights on dynamics from numerical modeling. Geoscience Frontiers 9 (5): 1279-1292