Çağlar ÖZKAYMAK, Halil İbrahim SOLAK, İbrahim TİRYAKİOĞLU, Bahadır AKTUĞ, Eda Esma EYUBAGİL, Umre Selin KAVAK, Hasan SÖZBİLİR

Present day strike-slip deformation within the southern part of the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone based on GNSS data and implications for seismic hazard assessment in western Anatolia

Herein, a combined analysis of Global Navigation Satellite System-derived strain rate maps, in accordance with recent seismicity, was presented to reveal that the N-S extension is accommodated primarily by strike-slip faulting of the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone (İBTZ), where a counter clockwise rotation (~25–100°/Myr) along the vertical axis is dominant. The results indicated that strike-slip segments within the İBTZ show variable transport sense and amount of slip along them, and they connect by hard linkage relay ramps with the dip to oblique slip normal faults. According to the strain map, the Karaburun Peninsula has the largest strain rates, at 137 nano strain (nstrain)/yr extension (NE-SW) and 126 nstrain/yr (NW-SE) compression. To the south, the largest strain areas begin to shrink where the NW-trending sinistral Riedel Fault is located. The smallest strains in the region were measured on the NE-trending Tuzla Fault, compatible with the right lateral component. Based on this, the northern part of the Karaburun Peninsula has the shortest recurrence period in the region. The geodetic earthquake recurrence periods throughout the region comprise 800 yr for magnitudes 7 and above and 70 year for magnitudes between 6 and 7. The period was calculated as 30 years for M > 5.5 (with 99% probability) and 100 years for M > 6 (with 95% probability). These were consistent with the geodetic earthquake recurrence periods (25–30 years for M > 5.5 and 80–100 years for M > 6). This result showed that the seismic hazard sources in the region have increased the earthquake risk, which may cause loss of life and property in the near future.

PDF

___

Aktar M, Karabulut H, Özalaybey S, Childs D (2007). A conjugate strike-slip fault system within the extensional tectonics of Western Turkey. Geophysical Journal International 171 (3): 1363-1375. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03598.x
Aktuğ B, Kılıçoğlu A (2006). Recent crustal deformation of İzmir, Western Anatolia and surrounding regions as deduced from repeated GPS measurements and strain field. Journal of Geodynamics 41 (5): 471-484. doi:0.1016/j.jog.2006.01.004
Aktuğ B, Nocquet JM, Cingöz A, Parsons B, Erkan Y et al. (2009). Deformation of Western Turkey from a combination of permanent and campaign GPS data: limits to block-like behavior. Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (5): 1978-2012. doi: 10.1029/2008JB006000
Aktuğ B (2017). Determination of earthquake recurrence rates based on geodetic data, In: 4rd International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (4ICEES); Eskisehir, Turkey. pp.277-279.
Akyol N, Zhu L, Mitchell BJ, Sözbilir H, Kekovalı K (2006). Crustal structure and local seismicity in western Anatolia. Geophysical Journal International 166 (3): 1259-1269. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 246X.2006.03053.x
Bayrak Y, Yadav RBS, Kalafat D, Tsapanos TM, Çınar H et al. (2013). Seismogenesis and earthquake triggering during the Van (Turkey) 2011 seismic sequence. Tectonophysics 601: 163-176. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.05.008
Benetatos C, Kiratzi A, Ganas A, Ziazia A, Plessa A et al. (2006). Strike-slip motions in the Gulf of Sığacık (Western Anatolia): properties of the 17 October 2005 earthquake seismic sequence. Tectonophysics 426 (3): 263-279. doi:10.1016/j. tecto.2006.08.003
Bozkurt E (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey: a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14: 3-30.
Çırmık A, Pamukçu O, Gönenç T, Kahveci M, Şalk M et al. (2017a). Examination of the kinematic structures in İzmir (Western Anatolia) with repeated GPS observations (2009, 2010 and 2011). Journal of African Earth Sciences 126: 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.11.020
Doğru A, Görgün E, Özener H, Aktuğ B (2014). Geodetic and seismological investigation of crustal deformation near Izmir (Western Anatolia). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 82: 21-31.
Elitez İ, Yaltırak C (2014). Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone (Eastern Mediterranean, SW Turkey). In: EGU General Assembly 2014, Vienne, Austria.
Elitez İ, Yaltırak C (2016). Miocene to Quaternary tectonostratigraphic evolution of the middle section of the Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone, south-western Turkey: implications for the wide interplate shear zones. Tectonophysics 690: 336-354.
Elitez İ, Yaltırak C, Aktuğ B (2016). Extensional and compressional regime driven left-lateral shear in southwestern Anatolia (eastern Mediterranean): the Burdur-Fethiye Shear Zone. Tectonophysics 688: 26-35.
Emre Ö, Özalp S, Duman TY (2011). 1:250.000 Scale Active Fault Map Series of Turkey, İzmir (NJ 35-7) Quadrangle. Serial Number: 6. Ankara, Turkey: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration.
Emre Ö, Özalp S, Duman TY (2011). 1:250.000 Scale Active Fault Map Series of Turkey, Urla (NJ 35-6) Quadrangle. Serial Number: 5. Ankara, Turkey: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration.
Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Şaroğlu F, Olgun Ş et al. (2018). Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16 (8): 3229-3275. doi: 10.1007/s10518-016-0041-2
Eytemiz C, Erdeniz ÖF (2020). Investigation of active tectonics of Edremit Gulf, Western Anatolia (Turkey), using highresolution multi-channel marine seismic data. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 9 (1): 51-57.doi: 10.33714/ masteb.635468
Eyübagil EE(2020). GNSS ölçüleri ile tektonik hareketlerin modellenmesi: Gülbahçe fayı örneği. MSc, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey (in Turkish).
Gessner K, Gallardo LA, Markwitz W, Ring U, Thomson SN (2013). What caused the denudation of the Menderes massif: review of the crustal evaluation, lithosphere structure, and dynamictopography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana research 24 (1): 243-274. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.005
Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1944). Frequency of earthquakes in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 34: 185-188. doi: 10.1007/s00531-008-0366-4
Hall J, Aksu AE, Elitez I, Yaltırak C, Çifçi G (2014). The FethiyeBurdur Fault Zone: a component of upper plate extension of the subduction transform edge propagator fault linking Hellenic and Cyprus Arcs. Eastern Mediterranean Tectonophysics 635: 80-99.
Hanks TC, Kanamori H (1979). A moment magnitude scale. Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (5): 2348-2350. doi: 10.1029/ JB084iB05p02348
Irmak S (2013). Focal mechanisms of small-moderate earthquakes in Denizli Graben (SW Turkey). Earth Planets Space 65: 943-955. doi: 10.5047/eps.2013.05.011
Jenny S, Goes S, Giardini D, Kahle HG (2004). Earthquake recurrence parameters from seismic and geodetic strain rates in the eastern Mediterranean. Geophysical Journal International 157 (3): 1331-1347. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02261.x
Jolivet L, Brun J-P (2010). Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences 99 (1). doi: 10.1007/s00531-008-0366-4
Jolivet L, Faccenna C, Huet B, Labrousse L, Le Pourhiet L et al. (2013). Aegean tectonics: strain localisation, slab tearing and trench retreat. 597-598, 1-33. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.011
Kahle H G, Cocard M, Peter Y, Geiger A, Reilinger R et al. (1999). The GPS strain rate field in the Aegean Sea and Western Anatolia. Geophysical Research Letters 26: 2513-2516. doi: 10.1029/1999GL900403
Kavak S (2020). GNSS ölçüleriyle fayların izlenmesi: Karaburun Fayı Örneği. MSc, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey (in Turkish).
Ketin İ (1957). Kuzey Anadolu Deprem Fayı [The North Anatolian Earthquake Fault]. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Dergisi 15: 49- 52.
Kiratzi AA, Louvari E (2003). Focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes in the Aegean Sea and the surrounding lands determined by waveform modelling: a new database. Journal of Geodynamics. 36 (1): 251-274. doi:10.1016/S0264- 3707(03)00050-4
Kıray H N, Sözbilir H, Ulutaş Oskay M (2018). Paleotektonik Dönem Yapılarının Yeniden Aktif Hale Geçtiğine Dair Bir Örnek: Mordoğan Fayı, Karaburun Yarımadası, İzmir. Çanakkale, Turkey: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, ATAG22 Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, p. 34.
Kokkalas S, Xypolias P, Koukouvelas I, Doutsos T (2006). Post collisional contractional and extensional deformation in the Aegean region. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America 409: 97-123. doi: 10.1130/2006.2409(06)
Kokkalas S, Aydın A (2013). Is there a link between faulting and magmatism in the south-central Aegean Sea? Geological Magazine 150: 193-224. doi: 10.1017/S0016756812000453
Le Pichon X, Chamot-Rooke N, Lallemant S, Noomen R, Veis G (1995). Geodetic determination of the kinematics of central Greece with respect to Europe: implications for eastern Mediterranean tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 100 (12): 675-690. doi:10.1029/95JB0031.7
Mascle J, Martin L (1990). Shallow structure and recent evolution of the Aegean Sea: a synthesis based on continuous reflection profiles. Marine Geology 94 (4): 271-299. doi: 10.1016/0025- 3227(90)90060-W
McClusky S, Balasdsanian S, Barka A, Demir C, Georgiev I et al. (2000). Global positioning system constraints on crustal movements and deformations in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (B3): 5695-5719. doi: 10.1029/1999JB900351
McKenzie, DP (1972). Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 30: 109-185.
Nyst M, Thatcher W (2004). New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (B11406). doi:10.1029/2003JB002830
Ocakoğlu N, Demirbağ E, Kuşçu İ (2004). Neotectonic structures in the area offshore of Alacati, Doganbey and Kusadasi (Western Turkey): evidence of strike-slip faulting in the Aegean extensional province. Tectonophysics 391 (1-4): 67-83. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.008
Ocakoğlu N, Demirbağ E, Kuşçu İ (2005). Neotectonic structures in İzmir Gulf and surrounding regions (western Turkey): evidences of strike-slip faulting with compression in the Aegean extensional regime. Marine Geology 219 (2-3): 155- 171. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.06.004
Okay Aİ, Siyako M (1993). The new position of the İzmir-Ankara Neo-Tethyan Suture between İzmir and Balıkesir. In: Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential of Anatolia and Surrounding Regions. Proceedings of the Ozan Sungurlu Symposium, Ankara, Turkey. pp 333-355.
Okay Aİ, Satır M, Maluski H, Siyako M, Monie P et al. (1996). Paleoand Neo-Tethyan events in northwest Turkey: geological and geochronological constraints. In: Yin A, Harrison M (editors). Tectonics of Asia. London, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp 420-441.
Oskay Ulutaş M (2019). Karaburun Yarımadası’nın Kuvaterner – Holosen faylarının deprem üretme potansiyelinin jeolojik, jeomorfolojik ve uzaktan algılama yöntemleriyl eincelenmesi. MSc, Doküz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey (in Turkish).
Özalp S, Emre Ö, Doğan A (2013). The segment structure of southern branch of the North Anatolian fault and paleoseismological behaviour of the Gemlik Fault, NW Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 147: 1-17.
Özener H, Doğru A, Acar M, Arpat E, Ünlütepe A et al. (2012). Investigation of kinematincs on Tuzla Fault and its surronding with geodetic methods. TÜBİTAK-ÇAYDAG Project Number: 108Y295
Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H (2008). Stratigraphic and structural evidence for fault reactivation: the active Manisa fault zone, Western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17 (3): 615-635.
Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, Uzel B (2013). Neogene-Quaternary evolution of the Manisa basin: evidence for variation in the stress pattern of the İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone, Western Anatolia. Journal of Geodynamics 65: 117-135. doi: 10.1016/j. jog.2012.06.004
Pamukçu O, Gönenç T, Çırmık A, Sındırgı P, Kaftan İ et al. (2015). Investigation of vertical mass changes in the south of Izmir (Turkey) by monitoring microgravity and GPS/GNSS methods. 124 (1): 137-148. doi: 10.1007/s12040-014-0533-x
Papanikolaou D, Alexandri M, Nomikou P, Ballas D (2002). Morphotectonic structure of the western part of the North Aegean Basin based on swath bathymetry. Marine Geology 190: 465-492. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00359-6
Philippon M, Brun J-P, Gueydan F Sokoutis D (2014). The interaction between Aegean back-arc extension and Anatolia escape since Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 631: 176-188. doi: 10.1016/j. tecto.2014.04.039
Poyraz F, Hastaoğlu KÖ (2020). Monitoring of tectonic movements of the Gediz Graben by the PSInSAR method and validation with GNSS results. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13 (844). doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05834-5
Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrence S, Ergintav S et al. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 111 (B5): B05411. doi:10.1029/2005JB004051
Reilinger R, McClusky S, Paradissis D, Ergintav S, Vernant P (2010). Geodetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Aegean region and strain accumulation along the Hellenic subduction zone. Tectonophysics 488 (1): 22-30. doi: 10.1016/j. tecto.2009.05.027
Ring U, Laws S, Bernet M (1999). Structural analysis of a complex nappe sequence and late-orogenic basins from the Aegean Island of Samos, Greece. Journal of Structural Geology 21 (11): 1575-1601. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00108-X
Royden LH (1993). The tectonic expression slab pull at continental convergent boundaries. Tectonics 12 (2): 303-325. doi: 10.1029/92TC02248
Sakellariou D, Kraounaki KT (2019). Plio-Quaternary extension and strike-slip tectonics in the Aegean. In: Duarte J (editor). Transform Plate Boundaries and Fractune Zones 1: 339-374. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812064-4.00014-1
Solak Hİ (2020). İzmir-Balıkesir transfer zonu ve çevresindeki güncel deformasyonların gnss yöntemi ile incelenmesi. PhD, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey (in Turkish).
Sözbilir H, İnci U, Erkül F, Sümer Ö (2003). An active intermittent transfer zone accommodating N–S extension in western Anatolia and its relation to the North Anatolian fault system. In: International Workshop on the North Anatolian, East Anatolian and Dead Sea Fault Systems: Recent Progress in Tectonics and Paleoseismology, and Field Training Course in Paleoseismology, Ankara, Poster Session, p. 2.
Sözbilir H, Uzel B, Sümer O, İnci U, Yalçın-Ersoy E et al. (2008). Evidence for a kinematically linked EW trending İzmir Fault and NE-trending Seferihisar Fault: kinematic and paleoseismogical studies carried out on active faults forming the İzmir Bay, Western Anatolia. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 51 (2): 91-114.
Sözbilir H, Sümer Ö, Uzel B, Ersoy Y, Erkül F et al. (2009). The Seismic geomorphology of the Sığacık Gulf (İzmir) earthquakes of October 17 to 20, 2005 and their relationships with the stress field of their Western Anatolian region. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 52 (2): 217-238.
Sözbilir H, Sarı B, Uzel B, Sümer Ö, Akkiraz S (2011). Tectonic implications of transtensional supradetachment basin development in an extension-parallel transfer zone: the Kocaçay Basin, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Basin Research 23 (4): 423-448. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00496.x
Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç, Uzel B, Sümer Ö, Eski S et al. (2016). Palaeoseismology of Havran-Balıkesir fault zone: evidence for past earthquakes occurred in strike-slip dominated contractional deformation along the southern branches of North Anatolian Fault in NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 28 (4): 254-272. doi: 10.1080/09853111.2016.1171111
Sözbilir H, Sümer Ö, Uzel B, Eski S, Tepe Ç et al. (2017). 12 Haziran 2017 Midilli Depremi (Karaburun Açıkları) ve Bölgenin Depremselliği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Deprem Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Raporu, 14s, http://daum.deu.edu. tr/?page_id=111&lang=tr. (in Turkish)
Şengör AMC (1979). The North Anatolian transform fault: its age, offset and tectonic significance. Geologial Society of London 136: 269-282.
Tan O (2013). The dense micro-earthquake activity at the boundary between the Anatolian and South Aegean microplates. Journal of Geodynamics 65: 199-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jog.2012.05.005
Taymaz T, Jackson J, Westaway R (1990). Earthquake mechanisms in the Hellenic Trench near Crete. Geophysical Journal International 102 (3): 695-731. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990. tb04590.x
Taymaz T, Jackson J, McKenzie D (1991). Active tectonics of Alpine–Himalayan Belt between western Turkey and Pakistan. Geophysical Journal Research Astronomy Society 77: 185-265 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01931.x
Herring T, King R (2018). Development of GNSS capability in the “GNSS at MIT” software GAMIT. In: 20th EGU General Assembly; Vienna, Austria. pp.8381
Tiryakioğlu İ (2012). Identification of the block movements and stress zones in Southwestern Anatolia with GNSS measurements. Ph.D, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey (In Turkish).
Tiryakioğlu İ, Umutlu Aİ, Poyraz F (2019). Determination of earthquake recurrance periods by Geodetic methods: Alaşehir Region example. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering Sciences 19 (3): 762-768 (In Turkish).
Tur H, Yaltırak C, Elitez İ, Sarıkavak KT (2015). Pliocene–Quaternary tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Gökova, southwest Turkey. Tectonophysics 638: 158-176. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.11.008
Uzel B, Sözbilir H (2008). A first record of strike-slip basin in western Anatolia and its tectonic implication: the Cumaovası basin as an example. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17 (3): 559-591
Uzel B, Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç, Kaymakcı N, Langereis CG (2013). Structural evidence for strike-slip deformation in the Izmir–Balıkesir transfer zone and consequences for late Cenozoic evolution of western Anatolia (Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics 65: 94-116 doi: 10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.009.
Uzel B, Langereis CG, Kaymakçı N, Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç et al (2015). Paleomagnetic evidence for an inverse rotation history of western Anatolia during the exhumation of Menderes core complex. Earth Planet Science Letter 414: 108-125 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.01.008.
Uzel B, Sözbilir H, Kaymakçı N, Özkaymak Ç¸ Özkaptan M et al (2017). Evolution of seismically active İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone: a reactivated and deep-seated structure since the Miocene. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 19: 8190.
Wallace L M, Ellis S, Mann P (2008). Global examples and numerical modelling of the tectonic response to localized collision in subduction settings: rapid tectonic block rotation, arc curvature, and back-arc rifting. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 2: 012010. doi: 10.1088/1755-1307/2/1/0120010.
Ward SN (1998). On the consistency of earthquake rates, geological fault data, and space geodetic strain: The United States. Geophysical Journal International 134 (1): 172-186. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00556.x
Wessel P, Luis JF, Uieda L, Scharroo R, Wobbe F et.al. (2019). The generic mapping tools version 6. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 20: 5556-5564. doi: 10.1029/2019GC008515
Yaltırak C (2002). Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology 190: 493-530. doi: 10.1016/ S0025-3227(02)00360-2
Yaltırak C, İşler EB, Aksu AE, Hiscott RN (2012). Evolution of the Bababurnu Basin and shelf of the Biga Peninsula: western extension of the middle strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Northeast Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 57: 103-119. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.06.016
Yolsal Çevikbilen S, Taymaz T, Helvacı C (2014). Earthquake mechanisms in the Gulfs of Gökova, Sığacık, Kuşadası, and the Simav Region (Western Turkey): neotectonics, seismotectonics and geodynamic implications. Tectonophysics 635: 100-124 doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.001
Zhu L, Akyol N, Mitchell BJ, Sözbilir H (2006). Seismotectonics of Western Turkey from high resolution earthquake relocations and moment tensor determinations. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L07316. doi: 10.1 029/2006GL025842