İbrahim AKPINAR, Ferkan SİPAHİ, Çiğdem SAYDAM EKER

Organic geochemistry and element distribution in coals formed in Eocene lagoon facies from the Eastern Black Sea Region, NE Turkey

The amount and type, the inorganic element content, and the maturity of organic materials of Eocene coals, shaly coals, and coaly shales exposed in the Gümüşhane and Bayburt districts of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated. The depositional environments and hydrocarbon potentials were also interpreted. The total organic carbon concentrations in the studied samples ranged from 0.50% to 63.08%. The samples from Özyurt, Kayadibi, and Tarhanas contained types II and III kerogen, and those from Sökmen and Manas contained type III kerogen. The samples contained Co, Cs, Ga, Hf, Th, U, Y, Mo, Be, Cd, Sb, and La, with average values similar to those of standard brown coals. The samples showed average contents of Co, Ga, Nb, Rb, V, Y, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Be, and Se, similar to those of other Turkish coals. The sediment source of Eocene samples in the five areas was characterized by rocks with intermediate or mafic geochemical characteristics. The terrigenous/aquatic ratio of coal and shaly coal samples of the areas in question is >1. The sterane distribution was C29 > C28 > C27 and C29 > C27 > C28 for the Özyurt and Tarhanas areas, respectively. The average Tmax values for samples are between 424 °C and 460 °C. For samples Oz-1 and Ta-2, 22S/(22S + 22R) homohopane (C32) ratios are 0.48 and 0.61, respectively; 20S/(20S + 20R) sterane (C29) ratios are 0.18 and 0.53, respectively; and Ts/(Ts + Tm) ratios are 0.015 and 0.64, respectively. The Pr/Ph ratios of the samples are >3. The studied samples have low sterane/hopane and high (C19+C20)/C23) ratios without anoxic biomarkers (17α(H)-28,30-bisnorhopane). Based on these data, the coals, shaly coals, and coaly shales were probably deposited under an oxic-suboxic mixture of marine and terrestrial environment conditions; these materials contain terrestrial organic matter and cannot generate hydrocarbon.

PDF

___

Arslan M, Tüysüz N, Korkmaz S, Kurt H (1997). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Eastern Pontide volcanic rocks, Northeast Turkey. Chemie der Erde 57: 157-187.
Barker C (1986). Organic geochemistry in petroleum exploration. AAPG Bull 10: 39-41.
Bauluz B, Mayayo MJ, Fernandez-Nieto C, Lopez JMG (2000). Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting. Chem Geol 168: 135-150.
Bektaş O, Yılmaz C, Taslı K, Akdağ K, Özgür S (1995). Cretaceous rifting of the eastern Pontide carbonate platform (NE Turkey): the formation of carbonates breccias and turbidites as evidences of a drowned platform. Geologia 57: 233-244.
Bhatia MR, Crook KAW (1986). Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contrib Mineral Petrol 45: 97-113.
Bourbonniere RA, Meyers PA (1996). Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of lakes Ontario and Erie. Limn Ocean 41: 352-359.
Bray EE, Evans ED (1961). Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 22: 2-15.
Çoğulu E (1975). Gümüşhane ve Rize granitik plutonlarının mukayeseli petrojeolojik ve jeokronolojik etüdü. PhD, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey (in Turkish).
Comet PA, Eglinton G (1987). The use of lipids as facies indicators. In: Fleet AJ, editor. Marine Petroleum Source Rocks. London, UK: Geological Society Special Publications, pp. 99-117.
Cullers RL, Graf J (1983). Rare earth elements in igneous rocks of the continental crust: intermediate and silicic rocks, ore petrogenesis. In: Henderson P, editor. Rare-Earth Geochemistry. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 275-312.
Dai S, Hower JC, Ward CR, Guo W, Song H, OKeefe JMK, Xie P, Hood MM, Yan X (2015a). Elements and phosphorus in the middle Jurassic inertinite-rich coals of the Muli Coalfield on the Tibetan Plateau. Int J Coal Geol 144-145: 23-47.
Dai S, Li T, Jiang Y, Ward CR, Hower JC, Sun J, Liu J, Song H, Wei J, Li Q et al. (2015b). Mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the Pennsylvanian coal in the Hailiushu Mine, Daqingshan Coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China: implications of sediment source region and acid hydrothermal solutions. Int J Coal Geol 137: 92-110.
Dai S, Seredin VV, Ward CR, Hower JC, Xing Y, Zhang W, Song W, Wang P (2015c). Enrichment of U-Se-Mo-Re-V in coals preserved within marine carbonate successions: geochemical and mineralogical data from the Late Permian Guiding Coalfield, Guizhou, China. Miner Deposita 50: 159-186.
Dokuz A (2011). A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of carboniferous high-potassium I-type magmatism in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: the Köse Composite Pluton. Gondwana Res 19: 926-944.
Eyuboglu Y, Bektas O, Seren A, Maden N, Jacoby WR, Özer R (2006). Three axial extensional deformation and formation of Liassic rift basins in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Geol Carpath 57: 337-346.
Eyuboglu Y, Dilek Y, Bozkurt E, Bektas O, Rojay B, Şen C (2010). Structure and geochemistry of an Alaskan-type ultramaficmafic complex in the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Gondwana Res 18: 230-252.
Farhaduzzaman M, Abdullah WH, Islam AA (2012). Depositional environment and hydrocarbon source potential of the Permian Gondwana coals from the Barapukuria Basin, Northwest Bangladesh. Int J Coal Geol 90-91: 162-179.
Finkelman RB (1994). Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: level of confidence. Fuel Proc Technol 39: 21-34.
Finkelman RB (1995). Modes of occurrences of environmentally-sensitive trace elements in coal. In: Swaine DJ, Goodarzi F, editors. Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 24-44.
Goodarzi F (2002). Mineralogy, elemental composition and modes of occurrence of elements in Canadian feed-coals. Fuel 81: 1199-1213.
Gürgey K (1999). Geochemical characteristics and thermal maturity of oils from the Thrace basin (Western Turkey). J Petrol Geol 22: 167-189.
Güven IH (1993). 1/100.000 Scaled Geological Map Series of Turkey. No. 57-60. Ankara, Turkey: MTA Publications.
Hanson AD, Ritts BD, Zinniker D, Moldowan JM, Biffi U (2001). Upper Oligocene lacustrine source rocks and petroleum system of the northern Qaidam Basin, northwest China. AAPG Bull 85: 601-619.
Hayashi KI, Fujisawa H, Holland HD, Ohmoto H (1997). Geochemistry of ~1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 61: 4115-4137.
He B, Xu YG, Zhong YT, Guan JP (2010). The GuadalupianLopingian boundary mudstones at Chaotian (SW China) are clastic rocks rather than acidic tuffs: implication for a temporal coincidence between the end-Guadalupian mass extinction and the Emeishan volcanism. Lithos 119: 10-19.
Hoş-Çebi F, Korkmaz S (2013). Organic geochemistry and depositional environments of Eocene coals in northern Anatolia, Turkey. Fuel 113: 481-496.
Hoş-Çebi F, Korkmaz S (2015). Organic geochemistry of Ağaçbaşı Yayla Peat Deposits, Köprübaşı/Trabzon, NE Turkey. Int J Coal Geol 146: 155-165.
Hower JC, Ruppert LF, Eble CF (1999). Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky. Int J Coal Geol 39: 141-154.
Huang H, Larter SR, Love GD (2003). Analysis of wax hydrocarbons in petroleum source rocks from the Damintun depression, eastern China, using high temperature gas chromatography. Org Geochem 34: 1673-168.
Huang WY, Meinschein WG (1979). Sterols as ecological indicators. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 43: 739-745.
Hunt JM (1995). Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Freeman and Company.
Karayigit AI, Spears DA, Booth CA (2000a). Distribution of environmental sensitive trace elements in the Eocene Sorgun coals, Turkey. Int J Coal Geol 42: 297-314.
Karayigit AI, Spears DA, Booth CA (2000b). Antimony and arsenic anomalies in the coal seams from the Gokler coalfield, Gediz, Turkey. Int J Coal Geol 44: 1-17.
Katz BJ, Elrod LW (1983). Organic geochemistry of DSDP Site 467, Offshore California, Middle Miocene to Lower Pliocene. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 47: 389-396.
Kaygusuz A, Arslan M, Siebel W, Şen C (2011). Geochemical and SrNd isotopic characteristics of post-collisional calc-alkaline volcanics in the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish J Earth Sci 20: 137-159.
Kaygusuz A, Siebel WS, Şen C, Satır M (2008). Petrochemistry and petrology of I-type granitoids in an arc setting: the composite Torul pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Int J Earth Sci 97: 739-764.
Ketris MP, Yudovich YaE (2009). Estimations of Clarkes for Carbonaceous biotithes: world averages for trace element contents in black shales and coals. Int J Coal Geol 78: 135-148.
Koeverden JHV, Karlsen DA, Backer-Owe K (2011). Carboniferous non-marine source rocks from Spitsbergen and Bjørnøya: comparison with the western Arctic. J Petroleum Geol 34: 53-66.
Li B, Zhuang X, Li J, Querol X, Font O, Moreno N (2016). Geological controls on mineralogy and geochemistry of the Late Permian coals in the Liulong Mine of the Liuzhi Coalfield, Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Int J Coal Geol 154-155: 1-15.
Mann U, Korkmaz S, Boreham CJ, Hertle M, Radke M, Wilkes H (1998). Regional geology, depositional environment and maturity of organic matter of Early to Middle Jurassic coals, coly shales, shales and claystones from the eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Int J Coal Geol 37: 257-286.
Marzi R, Torkelson BE, Olson RK (1993). Note, A revised carbon preference index. Org Geochem 20: 1303-1306.
Mello MR, Maxwell JR (1990). Organic geochemical and biological marker characterization of source rocks and oils from lacustrine environments in the Brazilian Continental Margin. In: Katz BJ, editor. Lacustrine Basin Exploration. Tulsa, OK, USA: AAPG Memoirs, pp. 77-97.
Moldowan JM, Seifert WK, Gallegos E.J (1985). Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. AAPG Bull 69: 1255-1268.
Mukhopadhyay PK, Wade JA, Kruge MA (1995). Organic facies and maturation of Jurassic, Cretaceous rocks and possible oil-source rock correlation based on pyrolysis of asphaltenes, Scotian Basin, Canada. Org Geochem 22: 85-104.
Nishimura M (1982). 5fl-Isomers of stanols and stanones as potential markers of sedimentary organic quality and depositional paleoenvironments. Geochim Cosmochim Ac46: 423-432.
Okay AI, Şahintürk Ö (1997). Geology of the eastern Pontides regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region. In: Robinson AG, editor. Tulsa, OK, USA: AAPG Memoirs, pp. 291-311.
Orem WH, Finkelman RB (2003). Coal and geochemistry. In: Holland HD, Turekian KK editors. Treatise on Geochemistry. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 191-222.
Palmer CA, Tuncalı E, Dennen KO, Coburn TC, Finkelman RB (2004). Characterization of Turkish coals: a nationwide perspective. Int J Coal Geol 60: 85-115.
Peters KE (1986). Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis. AAPG Bull 70: 318-329.
Peters KE, Moldowan JM (1993). The Biomarker Guide. Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan JM (2005a). The Biomarker Guide. Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History, Volume 1. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan JM (2005b). The Biomarker Guide. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History, Volume 2. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Philp PR (1994). Geochemical characteristics of oils derived predominantly from terrigenous source materials. In: Scot AC, Fleet AJ, editors. Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata as Oil-Prone Source Rocks? Special Publications No. 77. London, UK: Geological Society, pp. 71-91.
Querol X, Cabrera L, Pickel W, Lopez-Soler A, Hagemann HW, Fernandez-Turiel JL (1996). Geological controls on the coal quality of the Mequinenza subbituminous coal deposit, northeast Spain. Int J Coal Geol 29: 57-91.
Querol X, Finkelman RB, Alastuey A, Huerta A, Palmer CA, Mroczkowski S, Kolker A, Chenery SNR, Robinson JJ, Juan R et al. (1998). Quantitative determination of modes of occurrence of major, minor and trace elements in coal: a comparison of results from different methods. In: AIE 8th Australian Coal Science Conference, pp. 51-56.
Reimann C, Caritat P (1998). Chemical Elements in the Environment. New York, NY, USA: Springer.
Ribeiro J, Ferreira da Silva EF, Li Z, Ward C, Flores D (2010). Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical characterization of the Serrinha coal waste pile (Douro Coalfield, Portugal) and the potential environmental impacts on soil, sediments and surface waters. Int J Coal Geol 83: 456-466.
Robinson KM (1987). An overview of source rocks and oils in Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the Indonesian Petroleum Association Sixteenth Annual Convention. Jakarta, Indonesia: Indonesian Petroleum Association, pp. 97-122.
Routh J, McDonald TJ, Grossman EL (1999). Sedimentary organic matter sources and depositional environment in the Yegua Formation (Brazos County, Texas). Org Geochem 30: 1437-1453.
Saydam Eker C (2012). Petrography and geochemistry of Eocene sandstones from eastern Pontides (NE TURKEY): implications for source area weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Geochem Int 50: 683-701.
Saydam Eker C (2015). Organic maturity and hydrocarbon potential of Liassic coals from the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Energ Source Part A 37: 1260-1267.
Saydam C, Korkmaz S (2008). Source rock characteristics and hydrocarbon potential of the Late Cretaceous deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Energ Source Part A 30: 1141-1151.
Saydam Eker C, Korkmaz S (2011). Mineralogy and whole rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous sandstones from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrb Mineral 188: 235-256.
Seifert WK, Moldowan JM (1986). Use of biological markers in petroleum exploration. Methods Geochem Geoph 24: 261-290.
Şen C (2007). Jurassic volcanism in the Eastern Pontides: is it rift related or subduction related? Turkish J Earth Sci 16: 523-539.
Şen C, Arslan M, Van A (1998). Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Pontide Eocene (?) alkaline province, NE Turkey. Turkish J Earth Sci 7: 231-239.
Seredin VV, Dai S (2012). Coal deposits as a potential alternative source for lanthanides and yttrium. Int J Coal Geol 94: 67-93.
Shao L, Zhang P, Ren D, Lei J (1998). Late Permian coal-bearing carbonate succession in southern China; coal accumulation on carbonate platform. Int J Coal Geol 37: 235-256.
Sipahi F (2011). Formation of skarns at Gümüşhane (Northeastern Turkey). Neues Jahrb Mineral 188: 169-190.
Sipahi F, Sadıklar MB, Şen C (2014). The geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of Murgul (Artvin) volcanics in the Eastern Black Sea Region (NE Turkey). Chemie der Erde 74: 331-342.
Spears DA, Zheng Y (1999). Geochemistry and origin of elements in some UK coals. Int J Coal Geol 38: 161-179.
Subroto EA, Hermanto E, Kamtono P, Kamtono K (2010). Source rock geochemical study in the southwestern Java, a potential hydrocarbon basin in Indonesia. In: AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, pp. 15-18.
Swaine DJ (1990). Trace Elements in Coal. London, UK: Butterworth.Taylor SR (1964). Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: a new table. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 28: 1273-1285.
Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985). The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publishing.
Temizel I, Arslan M, Ruffet G, Peucat JJ (2012). Petrochemistry, geochronology and SrNd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and post-collisional volcanic rocks from Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics. Lithos 128: 126-147.
Tissot BP, Pelet R, Ungerer P (1987). Thermal history of sedimentary basins, maturation indices and kinetics of oil and gas generation. AAPG Bull 71: 1445-1466.
Tissot BP, Welte D H (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
Topuz G, Altherr R, Kalt A, Satır M, Werner O, Schwarz W (2004). Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallization. Lithos 72: 183-207.
Topuz G, Altherr R, Siebel W, Schwarz W, Zack T, Hasözbek A, Barth M, Satır M, Şen C (2010). Carboniferous high-potassium I-type granitoid magmatism in the Eastern Pontides: the Gümüşhane Pluton (NE Turkey). Lithos 116: 92-110.
Valkovic V (1983). Trace Elements in Coal. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Varandas da Silva LS, Piovano EL, de Almedia Azevedo D, de Aquino Neto FR (2008). Quantitative evaluation of sedimentary organic matter from Laguna Mar Chiquita, Argentina. Org Geochem 3: 450-464.
Wan Hasiah A, Abolins P (1998). Organic petrological and organic geochemical characterization of the Tertiary coal-bearing sequence of Batu Arang, Selangor, Malaysia. J Asian Earth Sci 16: 351-367.
Waples DW (1985). Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
Waples DW, Machihara T (1991). Biomarkers for Geologists-A Practical Guide to the Application of Steranes and Triterpanes in Petroleum Geology. AAPG Bulletin, Methods in Exploration Series, No: 9. Tulsa, OK, USA: AAPG.
Wronkiewicz DJ, Condie KC (1987). Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: source-area weathering and provenance. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 53: 1537-1549.
Wronkiewicz DJ, Condie KC (1989). Geochemistry and provenance of sediments from the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa: evidence for a 3.0 Ga-old continental craton. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 53: 1537-1549.
Wronkiewicz DJ, Condie KC (1990). Geochemistry and mineralogy of sediments from the Ventersdrop and Transvaal supergroups, South Africa: cratonic evolution during the Early Proterozoic. Geochim Cosmochim Ac54: 343-354.
Yılmaz Y (1972). Petrology and structure of the Gümüşhane granite and surroundings rocks, North-Eastern Anatolia. PhD, London University, London, UK.
Yılmaz C (1997). The sedimentological records Cretaceous platform-basin transition Gümüşhane region (NE Turkey). Géologie Méditerranéenne 24: 125-135.