Mertkan Osman GEÇİEVİ, Hasan SÖZBİLİR, Çağlar ÖZKAYMAK, İbrahim TİRYAKİOĞLU

Late Holocene coseismic rupture and aseismic creep on the Bolvadin Fault, Afyon Akşehir Graben, Western Anatolia

The Bolvadin Fault, which forms one of the northern boundaries of the Afyon Akşehir Graben, creeps aseismically on thesurface of earth and has not generated surface-rupture earthquakes during instrumental time. Our geological mapping and palaeoseismological studies reveal that the Bolvadin Fault is an approximately 2 km wide and 16 km long, dip-slip normal fault. It could generateearthquakes up to Mw 6.48 roughly every 1 ka and the latest surface-rupture event (M > 6) occurred 494 ± 45 years ago on the BolvadinFault. The throw over the past 5 Ma is measured as approximately 500 m according to relative positions of the basal unconformity ofPliocene clastics on both sides of the fault yielding a long-term average slip rate of 0.1 mm/year. Palaeoseismic trenching at two sites onthe Bolvadin Fault document that the fault was reactivated by at least two linear morphogenic earthquakes during the past 2570 years.They probably occurred in 530 (AD) and 1525 ± 45 (AD). We also determined a mean late Holocene slip rate of about 0.64 mm/year attrench 1. Palaeoseismic data suggests that aseismic surface deformations (postseismic relaxation) which began developing after the 2002Çay earthquakes (Mw: 6.3 and 6.0) follows the older surface rupture of the Bolvadin Fault.

PDF

___

Akçar N, Tikhomirov D, Özkaymak Ç, Alfimov V, Ivy-Ochs S et al. (2012). 36Cl Exposure Dating of Palaeoearthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean: First Results from the Western Anatolian Extensional Province, Manisa Fault Zone, Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124 (11/12): 1724-1735.
Aktug B, Nocquet JM, Cingoz A, Parsons B, Erkan Y et al. (2009). Deformation of western Turkey from a combination of permanent and campaign GPS data: Limits to block-like behavior. Journal of Geophysical Research 114: B10404.
Akyüz S, Uçarkuş G, Şatır D, Dikbaş A, Kozacı Ö (2006). 3 Şubat 2002 Çay depreminde meydana gelen yüzey kırığı üzerinde palaeosismolojik araştırmalar. Yerbilimleri 27(1): 41-52 (in Turkish).
Ambraseys NN (1988). Engineering Seismology. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 17: 1-105.
Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998). Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133: 390-406.
Ambraseys N (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: a multidisciplinary study of seismicity up to 1900. New York, United States of America: Cambridge University Press.
Başaran C, Gökgöz A (2016). Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of Heybeli geothermal area Afyon Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9 (11): 586.
Bonilla MG (1982). Evaluation of Potential Surface Faulting and Other Tectonic Deformation. USGS Open-File Report 82-732 Version 1.1. [online]. Website http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1982/ of82-732/ [accessed 13 May 2019].
Bronk Ramsey C (2017). Methods for summarizing radiocarbon datasets. Radiocarbon 59 (6): 1809-1833.
Burtford RO, Harsh PW (1980). Slip on the San Andreas fault in central California from alignment array surveys. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 70: 1223-1261.
Caputo R. (1993). Morphogenic earthquakes: a proposal. Bulletin of the Inqua Neotectonics Commission 16: 24.
Caputo R. (1995). Inference of a seismic gap from geological data: Thessaly (Central Greece) as a case study. Annals of Geophysics 38 (1): 1-19.
Caputo R. (2005). Ground effects of large morphogenic earthquakes. Journal of Geodynamics 40 (2-3): 113-118.
Caputo R, Helly B, Pavlides S, Papadopoulos G (2004). Palaeoseismological investigation of the Tyrnavos Fault (Thessaly, Central Greece). Tectonophysics 394: 1-20.
Çakır Z, AM Akoğlu, S Belabbes, S Ergintav, Meghraoui M (2005). Creeping along the Ismetpasa section of the North Anatolian fault (Western Turkey): Rate and extent from InSAR. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 238: 225-234.
Demirtaş R, Iravul Y, Yaman M. (2002). 3 Şubat 2002 Eber ve Çay depremleri ön raporu. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Haber Bülteni 2002/(1-2): 58-63 (in Turkish).
Demirtaş R, Ercan S, Demir B, Aktan M (2008). Ege çöküntü bölgesi’nde alüvyal havzalarda son 20 yılda oluşmuş yüzey deformasyonlarının oluşum mekanizması. In: Proceedings of 12nd Meeting of Aktive Tectonic Research Group; AkçakocaDüzce, Turkey. pp. 42-44 (in Turkish).
Demirtaş R, Tepeuğur E (2017). Bolvadin (Afyon) Merkez yerleşsim alaninda son 15 yıllık dönemde oluşmuş yüzey kırıklarının oluşum mekanizması. In: Proceedings of the ATAG-21, p11, Aktif Tektonik Araştırma Grubu Çalıştayı, Afyon, Turkey, 26- 28 October 2017.
Duman TY, Elmacı H, Özalp S, Olgun Ş, Emre Ö (2013). First Palaeoseismological Results From Simav Fault Zone. 66th Geological Congress of Turkey, Ankara Turkey. Pp. 28-29.
Duman TY, Çan T, Emre Ö, Kadirioğlu FT, Başarır Baştürk N et al. (2018). Seismotectonic database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16 (8): 3277-3316.
Emre Ö, Duman TY, Doğan A, Özalp S, Tokay F et al. (2003). Surface Faulting Associated with the Sultandağı Earthquake (Mw 6.5) of 3 February 2002, Southwestern Turkey. Seismological Research Letters 74 (4): 382-392.
Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Olgun Ş, and Elmacı H (2011). Active Fault Map of Turkey (Scale 1:250,000), General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Special Publication Series, Afyon (NJ 36-5) Quadrangle, serial number: 16. Ankara, Turkey: MTA.
Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Şaroğlu F, Olgun Ş et al. (2018). Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16 (8): 3229-3275.
Erdik M, Uckan E, Sesetyan K, Demircioğlu MB, Celep U et al. (2002). Feb.3, 2002 Sultandağı (Turkey) Earthquake. Report by the Department of Earthquake Engineering, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey (in Turkish).
Ergin K, Güçlü U, Uz Z (1967). A catalogue of earthquakes for Turkey and surrounding area (11AD to 1964AD). İstanbul Technical University, Publications, no. 24, 189.
Ergintav S, Çakır Z, Doğan U, Çetin S, Şentürk S et al. (2017). Aseismic slip and surface creep on the Hazar-Palu section of the East Anatolian Fault, Turkey, in AGU Fall Meeting: New Orleans, USA.
Giaccio B, Galadini F, Sposato A, Messina P, Moro M et al. (2002). Image processing and roughness analysis of exposed bedrock fault planes as a tool for palaeoseismological analysis: results from the Campo Felice fault (central Apennines, Italy). Geomorphology 49: 281-301
Gürboğa S (2013). 28 March 1970 Gediz earthquake fault, western Turkey: palaeoseismology and tectonic significance. International Geology Review 55 (10): 1191-1201.
Gürsoy H, Temiz H, Tatar O, Barka A (1997). Gediz grabeni güney kenarındaki güncel deformasyon verileri. II. İzmir ve Çevresinin Jeoteknik ve Deprem Sorunları Sempozyumu, Bildiri Özetleri, İzmir, Turkey. pp 14 (in Turkish).
Harris RA (2017). Large earthquakes and creeping faults. Reviews of Geophysics 55 (1): 169-198.
Holzer TL (1984). Ground failure induced by groundwater withdrawal from unconsolidated sediment. Reviews in Engineering Geology 6: 67-105.
Hreinsdóttir S, Bennett RA (2009). Active aseismic creep on the Alto Tiberina low-angle normal fault, Italy. Geology 27 (8): 683-686.
Imamoglu M, Kahraman F, Cakir Z, Balik-Sanli F (2019). Ground Deformation Analysis of Bolvadin (W. Turkey) by Means of Multi-Temporal InSAR Techniques and Sentinel-1 Data. Remote Sensing 11: 1069.
Kalafat D, Görgün E (2017). An example of triggered earthquakes in western Turkey: 2000–2015 Afyon-Akşehir Graben earthquake sequences. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 146: 103-113.
Karabacak V, Altunel E, Çakır Z (2011). Monitoring aseismic surface creep along the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) using groundbased LIDAR. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 304 (1-2): 64-70.
Kaymakcı N (2006). Kinematic development and palaeostress analysis of the Denizli Basin (Western Turkey): Implications of spatial variation of relative palaeostress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27: 207-222.
Koca MY, Sözbilir H, Uzel B (2011). An Investigation on the Causes of Deformations Formed Along the Sarıgöl Fault Zone. Journal of Geological Engineering 35 (2): 151-173.
Koçyiğit A (1984). Güneybatı Türkiye ve yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 27 (1): 1- 15 (in Turkish).
Koçyiğit A, Ünay E, Saraç G (2000). Episodic graben formation and extensional neotectonic regime in west Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle: a case study in the Akşehir-Afyon Graben, Turkey. Geological Society of London Special Publication 173: 405-421.
Koçyiğit A, Özacar A (2003). Extensional neotectonic regime through the NE edge of outer Isparta Angle, SW Turkey: new field and seismic data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12: 67-90.
KOERI (Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü) (2019). Recent Earthquakes in Turkey [online]. Website http:// www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lst5.asp [accessed 13 May 2019].
Lee JC, Angelier J, Chu H T, Hu JC, Jeng F et al. (2003). Active fault creep variations at Chihshang, Taiwan, revealed by creep meter monitoring, 1998–2001. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 108(B11).
Melosh HJ (1980). Rheology of the earth: theory and observation. In: Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Proceedings of the 1979 Enrico Fermi Summer School; Varena, Italy. pp. 318 - 336.
Mozafari N, Sümer Ö, Tikhomirov D, Ivy-Ochs S, Alfimov V et al. (2019). Holocene seismic activity of the Priene–Sazlı Fault revealed by cosmogenic 36Cl, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 28: 410-437.
Nadeau RM, McEvilly TV (1999). Fault slip rates at depth from recurrence intervals of repeating microearthquakes. Science 285 (5428): 718-721.
Özalp S, Emre Ö, Duman TY, Törk K, (2011). Karapınar (Konya) yöresindeki çizgisel uzanımlı yer çatlaklarının kökeni üzerine palaeosismolojik bulgular. Aktif Tektonik Araştırma Grubu Onbeşinci Çalıştayı (ATAG-15), 19-22 Ekim 2011, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, 20-21, Karataş-Adana (in Turkish).
Özalp S, Emre Ö, Şaroğlu F, Özaksoy V, Elmacı H et al. (2018). Active fault segmentation of the Çivril Graben System and surface rupture of the 1 October 1995 Dinar earthquake (Mw 6.2), Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 166: 136-151.
Özden S, Kavak KŞ, Koçbulut F, Över S, Temiz H (2002). 2002.02. 03 Çay (Afyon) earthquakes. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 45: 49-56.
Özer N (2006). New information on earthquake history of the Aksehir-Afyon Graben System, Turkey, since the second half of 18th century. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6 (6): 1017-1023.
Özkaymak Ç (2015). Tectonic analysis of the Honaz Fault (western Anatolia) using geomorphic indices and the regional implications. Geodinamica Acta 27 (2-3): 110-129.
Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, Uzel B, Akyüz HS (2011). Geological and palaeoseismological evidence for late Pleistocene-Holocene activity on the Manisa fault zone, western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 20: 449-474.
Özkaymak Ç, Yıldız A, Sarıkaya H, Başaran C, Dumlupınar İ et al. (2014). Bolvadin Fayı boyunca meydana gelen yüzey deformasyonları, Batı Anadolu-Türkiye. 18th Meeting of Active Tectonic Research Group; Muğla, Turkey. pp. 52 (in Turkish).
Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, Tiryakioğlu İ. Baybura T (2017). Geologic, Geomorphologic and Geodetic Analyses of Surface Deformations Observed in Bolvadin (Afyon-Akşehir Graben, Afyon). Geological Bulletin of Turkey 60: 169-188.
Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, Geçievi OM, Tiryakioğlu İ (2018). Palaeoseismology on the Bolvadin Fault: Evidence for Tectonic Creep in Afyon-Akşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Geoscience 2018, International Conference on Geology and Earth Science Abstract Book (Int J Earth Sci 2018, 1:2) p.65, May 2-4, Rome, Italy
Papanikolaou ID, Roberts GP, Michetti AM (2005). Fault scarps and deformation rates in Lazio–Abruzzo, Central Italy: comparison between geological fault slip-rate and GPS data. Tectonophysics 408: 147-176.
Pavlides S, Caputo R (2004). Magnitude versus faults’ surface parameters: quantitative relationships from the Aegean Region. Tectonophysics 380: 159-188.
Pınar N, Lahn E (1952). Türkiye Depremleri İzahlı Kataloğu. Bayındırlık Bakanlığı, Yapı ve İmar İşleri Reisliği, No. 6, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Poyraz F, Tatar O, Hastaoğlu KÖ, Tiryakioğlu İ, Gürsoy Ö et al. (2015). Gediz Grabeninin Doğu Kesimindeki Güncel Tektonik Hareketlerin GPS ve Ps-InSAR Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Belirlenmesi; İlk Sonuçlar. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 7 (1): 17-28 (in Turkish).
Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG et al. (2013). IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55 (4): 1869-1887.
Schulz SS, Mavko GM, Burford RO, Stuart WD (1982). Long-term fault creep observations in central California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 87(B8): 6977-6982.
Shebalin NV, Karnik V, Hadzievski D (1974). Catalogue of earthquakes of the Balkan region. I, UNDP-UNESCO Survey of the seismicity of the Balkan region. Skopje. pp 600.
Sieh KE, Williams PH (1990). Behavior of the southernmost San Andreas Fault during the past 300 years. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (B5): 6629-6645.
Soysal H, Sipahioğlu S, Kolçak D, Altınok, Y (1981). Türkiye ve Çevresinin Tarihsel Deprem Kataloğu (2100 B.C.–1900 A.D.). TÜBİTAK raporu, No. TBAG-341 (in Turkish).
Stewart I (1996). A rough guide to limestone fault scarps. Journal of Structural Geology 18: 1259- 1264.
Tan O, Tapirdamaz MC, Yörük A (2008). The earthquakes catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 405-418.
Taymaz T, Tan O (2001). Source parameters of June 6, 2000 OrtaÇankırı (Mw = 6.0) and December 15, 2000 SultandağıAkşehir (Mw = 6.0) earthquakes obtained from inversion of teleseismic Pand SH- body-waveforms. Scientific Activities 2001 Symposia; İstanbul, Turkey. pp 96-107.
Thatcher W (1979). Systematic inversion of geodetic data in central California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 84 (B5): 2283-2295.
Tiryakioğlu I, Floyd M, Erdogan S, Gülal E, Ergintav S et al. (2013). GPS constraints on active deformation in the Isparta Angle region of SW Turkey. Geophysical Journal International 195: 1455-1463.
Tiryakioğlu İ, Baybura T, Özkaymak Ç, Sözbilir H, Sandıkçıoğlu A et al. (2015). Sultandağı Fayı Batı Kısmı Fay Aktivitelerinin Multidisipliner Çalışmalarla Belirlenmesi. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 7 (1): 7-16 (in Turkish).
Tiryakioğlu İ, Özkaymak Ç, Baybura T, Sözbilir H, Uysal M (2018). Comparison of Palaeostress Analysis, Geodetic Strain Rates and Seismic Data in the Western Part of The Sultandağı Fault in Turkey. Annals of Geophysics 61 (3): GD335.
Tiryakioğlu İ, Yiğit CO, Özkaymak Ç, Baybura T, Yılmaz M et al., 2019. Active surface deformations detected by precise levelling surveys in the Afyon-Akşehir Graben, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Geofizika 36: 33-52.
Titus SJ, DeMets C, Tikoff B (2006). Thirty-five-year creep rates for the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault and the effects of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake: Constraints from alignment arrays, continuous global positioning system, and creepmeters. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96 (4B): S250-S268.
Tong X, Smith-Konter, Sandwell DT (2014). Is there a discrepancy between geological and geodetic slip rates along the San Andreas Fault System. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 119 (3): 2518-2538.
Tsodoulos IM, Stamoulis K, Caputo R, Koukouvelas I, Chatzipetros A et al. (2016). Middle-Late Holocene earthquake history of the Gyrtoni Fault, Central Greece: insight from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and palaeoseismology. Tectonophysics 687: 14-27.
Wang K (1995). Coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips at subduction zones. Pure and applied geophysics 145 (3- 4): 537-559.
Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994). New empirical relationship among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84: 974-1002.
Yürür T, Köse O, Demirbağ H, Özkaymak Ç, Selçuk L (2003). Could the coseismic fractures of a lake ice reflect the earthquake mechanism? (Afyon earthquakes of 2 February 2002, Central Anatolia, Turkey). Geodinamica Acta 16 (2-6): 83-87.