Dorothee SIEFERT, Markus WOLFGRAMM, Thomas KÖLBEL, Johannes GLODNY, Jochen KOLB, Elisabeth EICHE

Geothermal reservoir rocks of the Büyük Menderes Graben (Turkey): stratigraphic correlation by a multiproxy approach

This paper focuses on the correlation of two different marble units from an approximately 3,900m deep geothermal exploration well (GP-1) in western Turkey by petrographical and geochemical data. Future geothermal exploration drilling in that area will benefit from a better (tectono) stratigraphic correlation and a better definition of the reservoir geometry in the basin. It is an innovative approximation in many settings to correctly correlate marble units without clear stratigraphic markers or fossil record, in particular, when sample material is restricted to cuttings. The most distinctive petrographical and geochemical properties in this study are colour, light transmission along with rare-earth element + yttrium (REY) geochemistry, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope data. Two stratigraphic correlations can be maintained for two different marble horizons of the GP-1 well to different stratigraphic horizons outcropping in the study area. Additional Rb-Sr geochronology yields an age of the last metamorphic overprint of the marbles of approximately 30 Ma. This study shows that a multiproxy approach is required to yield a reliable stratigraphic correlation as an important component of geothermal exploration, which supports the conceptual geological model prior to further geothermal drilling.

PDF

___

Aksoy N (2014). Power generation from geothermal resources in Turkey. Renewable energy 68:595-601. doi: 10.1016/j. renene.2014.02.049
Bau M, Dulski P (1996). Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research 79: 37-55. doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9
Bau M, Möller P, Dulski P (1997). Yttrium and lanthanides in eastern Mediterranean seawater and their fractionation during redoxcycling. Marine Chemistry 56: 123-131. doi: 10.1016/S0304- 4203(96)00091-6
Bozkurt E (2000). Timing of Extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Turkey, and Its Tectonic Implications. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173: 385-403. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.18
Bozkurt E (2007). Extensional v. contractional origin for the southern Menderes shear zone, SW Turkey: tectonic and metamorphic implications. Geological Magazine 144: 191-210. doi: 10.1017/ S0016756806002664
Bozkurt E, Oberhänsli R (2001). Menderes Massif (Western Turkey). Structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution - a synthesis. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 679-708. doi: 10.1007/s005310000173
Bozkurt E, Park LRG (1994). Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151: 213-216. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.151.2.0213
Candan O, Dora OO, Oberhänsli R, Eikaplan M, Partzsch JH et al. (2001). Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the basement of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 793-811. doi: 10.1007/s005310000097
Candan O, Dora OO, Oberhänsli R, Koralay E, Çetinkaplan M et al. (2011). Stratigraphy of the Pan-African basement of the Menderes Massif and the relationship with late Neoproterozoic/ Cambrian evolution of the Gondwana. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 142: 25-68.
Cliff RA, Meffan-Main S (2003). Evidence from Rb–Sr microsampling geochronology for the timing of Alpine deformation in the Sonnblick Dome, SE Tauern Window, Austria. In: Vance D, Müller W and Villa IM (eds) Geochronology: Linking the Isotopic Record with Petrology and Textures. Journal of the Geological Society, London, Special Publications 220: 159– 172. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.220.01.09
Condie KC (1993). Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: Contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104:1-37. doi: 10.1016/0009- 2541(93)90140-E
Craig H, Craig V (1972). Greek marbles: determination of provenance by isotopic analysis. Science 176: 401-403. doi: 10.1126/science.176.4033.401
Cramer T (2004). Multivariate Herkunftsanalyse von Marmor auf petrographischer und geochemischer Basis. Das Beispiel kleinasiatischer archaischer, hellenistischer und römischer Marmorobjekte der Berliner Antikensammlung und ihre Zuordnung zu mediterranen und anatolischen Marmorlagerstätten. PhD, Technical University of Berlin (in German).
Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (1984). The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Blackwell Scientific, London
Dora OO, Candan O, Kaya O, Koralay E, Dürr S (2001). Revision of “Leptite- gneisses” in Menderes Massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 836-51. doi: 10.1007/s005310000102
Dürr S, Altherr R, Keller J, Okrusch M, Seidel E (1978). The median Aegean crystalline Belt: Stratigraphy, structure, metamorphism and magmatism. In: Cloos H, Roeder D, Schmidt K. (eds) Alps, Apennines, Hellenides. Schweizerbart’sche Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 455-477
Erdoğan B, Güngör T (2004). The problem of the core-cover boundary of the Menderes Massif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granites, Western Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13: 15-36
General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) (2015). Geoscience Map Viewer and Drawing Editor. http:// yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx. Accessed 12 March 2021
Germann K, Holzmann G, Winkler FJ (1980). Determination of marble provenance: Limits of isotopic analyses. Archaeometry 22: 99-106
Gessner K, Gallardo LA, Markwitz V, Ring U, Thomson SN (2013). What caused the denudation of the Menderes Massif. Review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research 24:243- 274. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.01.005
Gessner K, Piazolo S, Günğör T, Ring U, Kröner A, Passchier CW (2001a). Tectonic significance of deformation patterns in granitoid rocks of the Menderes nappes, Anatolide belt, southwest Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 766-780. doi: 10.1007/s005310000106
Gessner K, Ring U, Lackmann W, Passchier CW, Günğör T et al. (1998). Structure and crustal thickening of the Menderes Massif, southwest Turkey, and consequences for large-scale correlations between Greece and Turkey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 32: 145-152
Gessner K, Ring U, Passchier CW, Günğör T (2001b). How to resist subduction: evidence for large-scale out-of-sequence thrusting during Eocene collision in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 158: 769-784. doi: 10.1144/ jgs.158.5.769
Gessner K, Ring U, Passchier CW, Hetzel R (2002). Discussion on „Stratigraphic and metamorphic inversions in the central Menderes Massif: a new structural model”, by Aral I. Okay. International Journal of Earth Sciences 91:168-172. doi: 10.1007/s005310100223
Glodny J, Ring U, Kühn A (2008a). Coeval high-pressure metamorphism, thrusting, strike-slip, and extensional shearing in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps. Tectonics 27 (4). doi: 10.1029/2007TC002193
Glodny J, Kühn A, Austrheim H (2008b). Geochronology of fluid-induced eclogite and amphibolite facies metamorphic reactions in a subduction–collision system, Bergen Arcs, Norway. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156 (1): 27-48. doi: 10.1007/s00410-007-0272-y
Gorgoni C, Lazzarini L, Pallante P, Turi B (1998). An updated and detailed mineropetrographic and C-O stable isotopic reference database for the main Mediterranean marbles used in antiquity. In: Herrmann J, Herz N, Newman R (editors): ASMOSIA 5. Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone - Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, London
Gürer ÖF, Sarica-Filoreau N, Özburan M, Sangu E, Dogan B (2009). Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 146: 652-673. doi: 10.1017/S0016756809006359
Herz N (1987). Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios: A data base for classical Greek and Roman marble. Archaeometry 29: 35-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1987.tb00395
Herz N, Dean NE (1986). Stable isotopes and archaeological geology: the Carrara marble, northern Italy. Applied Geochemistry 1: 139-151. doi: 10.1016/0883-2927(86)90045-4
Hetzel R, Reischmann T (1996). Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional metamorphism. Geological Magazine 133: 505-572. doi: 10.1017/S0016756800007846
Hoefs J (2015). Stable Isotope Geochemistry. Springer International Publishing, Cham
Hua G, Yuansheng D, Lian Z, Jianghai Y, Hu H (2013). Trace and rare earth elemental geochemistry of carbonate succession in the Middle Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Pinqguan Section: Implications for Early Mesoproterozoic ocean redox conditions. Journal of Palaeogeography 2 (2): 209-221. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00027
Karamanderesi IH (2013). Characteristics of Geothermal Reservoirs in Turkey. In: International Geothermal Association Academy (ed): Geothermal Exploration.
Kaya A (2015). The effects of extensional structures on the heat transport mechanism: An example from the Ortakçi geothermal field (Büyük Menderes Graben, SW Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences (108): 74-88. doi: 10.1016/j. jafrearsci.2015.05.002
Kim ST, O’Neil JR (1997). Equilibrium and nonequilibrium oxygen isotope effects in synthetic carbonates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (16): 3416-3475. doi: 10.1016/S0016- 7037(97)00169-5
Koralay OE, Dora OO, Chen F, Satır M, Candan O (2004). Geochemistry and Geochonology of Orthogneisses in the Derbent (Alaşehir) Area, Eastern part of the Ödemiş-Kiraz Submassif, Menderes Massif: Pan-African Magmatic Activity. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13: 37-61.
Koralay OE (2015). Late Neoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia/ Turkey: implication for the assembly of Gondwana. Geodinamica Acta 27: 244-266. doi: 10.1080/09853111.2015.1014987
Lawrence MG, Greig A, Collerson KD, Kamber BS (2006). Rare Earth Element and Yttrium Variability in South East Queensland Waterways. Aquatic Geochemistry 12: 39-72. doi: 10.1007/ s10498-005-4471-8
Lips ALW, Cassard D, Sözbilir H, Yilmaz H, Wijbrans JR (2001). Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89: 781-792. doi: 10.1007/s005310000101
Loos S, Reischmann T (1999). The evolution of the southern Menderes Massif in SW Turkey as revealed by zircon dating. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156: 1021-1030. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.156.5.1021
Ludwig KR (2003). User’s manual for isoplot 3.00, a geochronlogical toolkit for Microsoft excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publications 4: 25-32.
Manfra L, Masi U, Turi B (1975). Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of marbles from some ancient quarries of western Anatolia and their archaeological significance. Archaeometry 17: 215-221. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1975.tb00135.x
McArthur JM, Howarth RJ, Bailey TR (2001). Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS version 3: best fit to the marine Srisotope curve for 0–509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age. Journal of Geology, 109 (2): 155-170. doi: 10.1086/319243
McCrea JM (1950). On the Isotopic Chemistry of Carbonates and a Paleotemperature Scale. Journal of Chemical Physics 18: 849- 857. doi: 10.1063/1.1747785
Meyer EE, Quicksall AN, Landis JD, Link PK, Bostick BC (2012). Trace and rare earth elemental investigation of a Sturtian cap carbonate, Pocatello, Idaho: evidence for ocean redox conditions before and during carbonate deposition. Precambrian Research 192-195: 89-106. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.09.015
Murdock HE, Gibb D, Andre T, Sawin JL, Brown A et al. (2021). Renewables 2021 - Global status report (INIS-FR-21-0788), International Nuclear Information system (INIS) 52 (25), France.
Müller W, Dallmeyer RD, Neubauer F, Thöni M (1999). Deformation induced resetting of Rb/Sr and 40Ar/39Ar mineral systems in a low-grade, polymetamorphic terrane (Eastern Alps, Austria). Journal of the Geological Society, London 156: 261–278.
Müller W, Mancktelow N, Meier M (2000). Rb–Sr microchrons of synkinematic mica in mylonites; an example from the DAV Fault of the Eastern Alps. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 180: 385–397
Münzner H, Schneiderhöhn P (1953). Das Sehnenschnittverfahren. Heidelberger Beiträge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie 3: 456- 471. doi: 10.1007/BF01129198 (in German)
Origlia F, Gliozzo E, Gandin A, Meccheri M, Spangenberg JE et al. (2012). Marbles and carbonate rocks from central Morocco: a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study. Environmental Earth Sciences 66: 209–222. doi: 10.1007/ s12665-011-1224-4
Özer S, Sözbilir H (2003). Presence and tectonic significance of Cretaceous rudist species in the so-called Permo-Carboniferous Göktepe Formation, central Menderes metamorphic Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 92: 397- 404. doi: 10.1007/s00531-003-0333-z
Pereira HA, Frescura LM, Brumelhaus de Menezes B, Duarte R, Villetti MA et al. (2019). A multivariate approach at the thermodynamic properties of rare earth elements. Thermochimica Acta 678: 178315. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2019.178315
Piper DZ, Bau M (2013). Normalized rare earth elements in water, sediments, and wine: identifying sources and environmental redox conditions. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 4 (10A): 69-83. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2013.410A1009
Régnier JL, Mezger JE, Passchier CW (2007). Metamorphism of Precambrian–Paleozoic schists of the Menderes core series and contact relationships with Proterozoic orthogneisses of the western Çine Massif, Anatolide belt, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 144 (1): 67-104. doi: 10.1017/S0016756806002640
Régnier JL, Ring U, Passchier CW, Gessner K, Günğör T (2003). Contrasting metamorphic evolution of meta-sedimentary rocks from the Çine and Selimiye nappes in the Anatolide belt, western Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 21: 699-721. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00473.x
Reilinger R, McClusky S, Vernant P, Lawrence S, Ergintav S et al. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research 111: 1-26. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.018
Ricca M, Belfiore CM, Ruffolo SA, Barca D, Buergo MA de et al. (2015). Multianalytical approach applied to the provenance study of marbles used as covering slabs in the archaeological submerged site of Baia (Naples, Italy): The case of the “Villa con ingresso a protiro”. Applied Surface Science 357: 1369-1379. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.002
Ring U, Gessner K, Güngor T, Paschier CW (1999). The Menderes Massif of western Turkey and the Cycladic Massif in the Aegean; do they really correlate? Journal of the Geological Society, London 156: 3-6. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.156.1.0003
Ring U, Johnson C, Hetzel R, Gessner K (2003). Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous Tertiary collisional belt. Regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 140: 421-441. doi: 10.1017/S0016756803007878
Ring U, Willner AP, Lackmann W (2001). Stacking of nappes with different pressure-temperature paths. An example from the Menderes nappes of western Turkey. American Journal of Science 301: 912-944. doi: 10.2475/ajs.301.10.912
Rimmelé G (2003). Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Lycian nappes and the Menderes Massif (Southwest Turkey): Geodynamic implications and correlations with the Aegean domain. PhD, University of Potsdam
Rimmelé G, Jolivet L, Oberhänsli R, Goffé B (2003). Deformation history of the high-pressure Lycian nappes and implications for tectonic evolution of SW Turkey. Tectonics 22: 1-21. doi: 10.1029/2001TC901041
Rollinson HR (1993). Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation: Taylor & Francis Ltd, London.
Rosen O, Desmons J, Fettes D (2007). Metacarbonate and related rocks. In: Fettes D, Desmons J (editors) Metamorphic Rocks. A Classification and Glossary of Terms, recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks.
Satır M, Friedrichsen H (1986). The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: A rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geologische Rundschau 75: 703-714. doi: 10.1007/BF01820642
Schuiling RD (1962). On petrology, age and structure of the Menderes migmatite complex (SW-Turkey). Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration 58: 71-84.
Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75: 181-241. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4
Şengün F, Bertrandsson Erlandsson V, Hogmalm J, Zack T (2019). In situ Rb-Sr dating of K-bearing minerals from the orogenic Akçaabat gold deposit in the Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 185: 104048. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104048
Şimşek Ş (1985). Geothermal model of Denizli, Sarayköy-Buldan area. Geothermics 14: 393-417. doi: 10.1016/0375-6505(85)90078-1 Spry A (1969). Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Tostevin R, Shields GA, Tarbuck GM, He T, Clarkson MO et al. (2016). Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settings. Chemical Geology 438: 146-162. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.027
Valley JW (1986). Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. In: Valley JW, Taylor HP, O’Neil JR (eds) Stable Isotopes in high temperature geological processes (Rev. Mineral. 16). Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, pp 445-489
van Hinsbergen, DJJ, Kaymakci N, Spakman W, Torsvik TH (2010). Reconciling the geological history of western Turkey with plate circuits and mantle tomography. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 297: 674-686. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.024
Villa IM, De Bièvre P, Holden NE, Renne PR (2015). IUPACIUGS recommendation on the half life of 87Rb. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 164: 382-385. doi: 10.1016/j. gca.2015.05.025
Webb GE, Kamber BS (2000). Rare earth elements in Holocene reefal microbialites: A new shallow seawater proxy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 (9): 1557-1565. doi: 10.1016/S0016- 7037(99)00400-7