Mohammad BOOMERI, Sasan BAGHERI, Mohammad Reza GHODSI, Daizo ISHIYAMA, Fernando CORFU

Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb age, and tectonic constraints on the Bazman granitoid complex, southeast Iran

The Bazman granitoid complex (BGC), including a large zoned pluton, intrudes into the upper Paleozoic sedimentary cover of the Lut block. It crops out on the southern slope of the Bazman volcano in Baluchestan Province of Iran. The intrusive rocks range from gabbro to various metaluminous to weakly peraluminous granites, and they are classified as I-type magmatic series. They display geochemical characteristics of typical volcanic arc magmatism at continental margins. Major- and trace-element variation diagrams show that fractional crystallization was the major process and crustal contamination, a subordinate process during the evolution of the BGC. The decrease in CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, and Sr, as well as the increase of K2O and Rb with increasing silica, are possibly related to the fractionation of plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, and titanite, whereas the increasing K, Rb, Cs, Pb, and light rare earth elements (LREEs) can be explained by crustal contamination. The BGC rocks are enriched by large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, K, Cs) and the LREEs with respect to the high field strength elements (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Y) and heavy rare earth elements. New ID-TIMS U-Pb dating performed on zircon and titanite extracted from the granitic samples indicates that the BGC was emplaced during the late Cretaceous period at 83 72 Ma by subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Eurasian continent. Subsequently, the complex became part of the Lut block when it probably rotated counter-clockwise with respect to the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone and the Urumieh-Dokhtar volcano-plutonic belt.

PDF

___

Agard P, Jolivet L, Vrielynck B, Burov E, Monie P (2007). Plate acceleration: the obduction trigger? Earth Planet Sci Lett 258: 428-441.
Aghanabati A (1993). Geological Quadrangle Map of Iran (1:250,000 scale), Sheet J11 (Bam). Tehran, Iran: Geology Survey.
Ahmadi-Khalaji A, Esmaeily D, Valizadeh MV, Rahimpour-Bonab H (2007). Petrology and geochemistry of the granitoid complex of Boroujerd, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Western Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 29: 859-877.
Angiboust S, Agard P, De Hoog JCM, Omrani J, Plunder A (2013). Insights on deep, accretionary subduction processes from the Sistan ophiolitic melange (Eastern Iran). Lithos 156-159: 139-158.
Arculus RJ (1994). Aspects of magma genesis in arcs. Lithos 33: 189-208.
Arjmandzadeh R, Karimpour MH, Mazaheri SA, Santos JF, Medina JM, Homam SM (2011). Sr-Nd istope geochemistry and petrogenesis of Chah-Shaljami granitoids (Lut block, eastern Iran). J Asian Earth Sci 41: 283-296.
Ashworth JR (1985). Introduction. In: Ashworth JR, editor. Migmatites. Glasgow, UK: Blackie, pp. 1-35.
Atherton MP (1990). The Coastal Batholith of Peru: the product of rapid recycling of new crust formed within rifted continental margin. Geol J 25: 337-349.
Atherton MP (1993). Granite magmatism. J Geol Soc London 150: 1009-1023.
Atherton MP, Petford N (1993). Generation of sodium-rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature 362: 144-146.
Bagheri S (2007) The exotic Paleo-Tethys terrane in central Iran: new geological data from Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam areas. PhD, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Bagheri S (2008). Anticlockwise rotation of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent and the Eurasian-Indian collision. In: 33rd International Geological Congress. Oslo, Norway, pp. 6-14.
Bagheri S, Stampfli GM (2008). The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: new geological data, relationships and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 451: 123-155.
Barbarin B (1999). A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos 46: 605-626.
Berberian F (1981). Petrogenesis of the Iranian Plutons: a study of the Natanz and Bazman intrusive complexes. PhD, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Berberian F, Berberian M (1981). Tectono-plutonic episodes in Iran. In: Gupta HK, Delany FM, editors. Zagros, Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution. Washington, DC, USA: American Geophysical Union, pp. 5-32.
Berberian F, Muir ID, Pankhurst RJ, Berberian M (1982). Late Cretaceous and Early Miocene Andean-type plutonic activity in northern Makran and Central Iran. J Geol Soc London 139: 605-614.
Berberian M (1983). The Southern Caspian: a compressional depression floored by a trapped modified oceanic crust. Can J Earth Sci 287: 177-196.
Berberian M, King GCP (1981). Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Can J Earth Sci 18: 210-265.
Bowen NL (1948). The granite problem and the method of multiple prejudices. Geol Soc Am Mem 28: 79-90.
Boynton WV (1984). Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson P, editor. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 63-114.
Brown M (2013). Granite: from genesis to emplacement. Geol Soc Am Bull 125: 1079-1113.
Camp VE, Griffis RJ (1982). Character, genesis and tectonic setting of igneous rocks in the Sistan suture zone, Eastern Iran. Lithos 15: 221-239.
Chappell BW, White AJR (1974). Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8: 173-174.
Condie K (1989). Geochemical changes in basalts and andesites across the Archean-Proterozoic boundary: identification and significance. Lithos 23 : 1-18.
Conrad G, Montignary R, Thuizat R, Westphal M (1981). Tertiary and Quaternary geodynamics of southern Lut (Iran) as deduced from palaeomagnetic, isotopic and structural data. Tectonophysics 75: 11-17.
Corfu F (2004). U-Pb age, setting, and tectonic significance of the anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite-suite, Lofoten-Vesteralen, Norway. J Petrol 45: 1799-1819.
Davoudzadeh M, Schmidt K (1983). Contribution to the paleogeography , stratigraphy and tectonics of the Middle and upper Jurassic of Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 166: 327-346.
Davoudzadeh M, Soffel H, Schmidt K (1981). On the rotation of the Central-East-Iran microplate. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 3: 180-192.
Davoudzadeh M, Weber-Diefenbach K (1987). Contribution of the paleogeography, stratigraphy and tectonics of the Upper Paleozoic of Iran. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 175: 121-146.
Eby GN (1992). Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications. Geology 20: 641-644.
Esmaeily D, Nedelec A, Valizadeh MV, Moore F, Cotton J (2005). Petrology of the Jurassic Shah-Kuh granite (eastern Iran), with reference to tin mineralization. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 961-980.
Esna-Ashari A, Tiepolo M, Valizadeh MV, Hassanzadeh J, Sepahi AA (2012). Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of Aligoodarz granitoid complex, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 43: 11-22.
Farhoudi G, Karig DE (1977). Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system. Geology 5: 664-668.
Foley SF, Wheeler GE (1990). Parallels in the origin of the geochemical signatures of Island arcs volcanic and continental potassic rocks: the role of residual titanites. Chem Geol 85: 1-18.
Fotoohi Rad GR, Droop GTR, Amini S, Moazzen M (2005). Eclogites and blueschists of the Sistan suture zone, eastern Iran: a comparison of P-T histories from a subduction mélange. Lithos 84: 1-24.
Freund R (1970). Rotation of strike slip faults in Sistan, Southeast Iran. J Geol 78: 188-200.
Frost BR, Barnes CG, Collins WJ, Arculus RJ, Ellis DJ, Frost CD (2001). A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. J Petrol 42: 2033-2048.
Ghalamghash J, Nédélec A, Bellon H, Vousoughi Abedini M, Bouchez JL (2009). The Urumieh plutonic complex (NW Iran): a record of the geodynamic evolution of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone during Cretaceous times - part I: petrogenesis and K/Ar dating. J Asian Earth Sci 35: 401-415.
Gray CM, Kemp AIS (2009). The two-component model for the genesis of granitic rocks in southeastern Australia Nature of the metasedimentary-derived and basaltic end members. Lithos 111: 113-124.
Hassanipak AA, Mohamad Ghazi A, Wampler JM (1996). Rare earth element characteristics and K-Ar ages of the Band Ziarat ophiolite complex, southeastern Iran. Can J Earth Sci 33: 1534-1542.
Hassanzadeh J, Stockli DF, Horton BK, Axen GJ, Stockli LD, Grove M, Schmitt AK, Walker JD (2008). U-Pb zircon geochronology of late NeoproterozoicEarly Cambrian granitoids in Iran: implications for paleogeography, magmatism, and exhumation history of Iranian basement. Tectonophysics 451: 71-96.
Howell DG (1989). Tectonic of Suspect Terranes, Mountain Building and Continental Growth. Topics in Earth Science. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.Huppert HE, Sparks RSJ (1988). The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into continental crust. J Petrol 29: 599-624.
Irvine TN, Baragar WRA (1971). A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Can J Earth Sci 8: 523-548.
Jacob KH, Quittmeyer RL (1979). The Makran region of Pakistan and Iran: trench-arc system with active plate subduction. In: Farah A, De Jong KA, editors. Geodynamics of Pakistan. Quetta, Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan, pp. 305-317.
Jaffey AH, Flynn KF, Glendenin LE, Bentley WC, Essling AM (1971). Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Phys Rev 4: 1889-1906.
Karimpour MH, Stern CR, Farmer L, Saadat S, Malekezadeh A (2011). Review of age, Rb-Sr geochemistry and petrogenesis of Jurassic to Quaternary igneous rocks in Lut Block, Eastern Iran. Geopersia 1: 19-36.
Krogh TE (1973). A low contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 37: 485-494.
Leake BE (1990). Granite magmas: their sources, initiation and consequences of emplacement. J Geol Soc London 147: 579-589.
Ludwig KR (2003). Isoplot 3.0. A Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 4: 1-70.
Mahmoudi S, Corfu F, Masoudi F, Mehrabi B, Mohajjel M (2011). U-Pb dating and emplacement history of granitoid plutons in the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 41: 238-249.
Mahmoudi S, Masoudi F, Corfu F, Mehrabi B (2010). Magmatic and metamorphic history of the Deh-Salm metamorphic Complex, Eastern Lut block, (Eastern Iran), from U-Pb geochronology. Int J Earth Sci 99: 1153-1165.
Martin H (1987). Petrogenesis of Archaean trondhjemites, tonalites, and granodiorites from Eastern Finland: major and trace element geochemistry. J Petrol 28: 921-923.
Mattinson JM (2005). Zircon U-Pb chemical abrasion (CA-TIMS) method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chem Geol 200: 47-66.
McCall GJH (1985). Explanatory Text of the Fannuj Quadrangle Map (1:250,000 scale), No. K14. Tehran, Iran: Geology Survey.
McCall GJH (1997). The geotectonic history of the Makran and adjacent areas of southern Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 15: 517-531.
McCall GJH (2002). A summary of the geology of the Iranian Makran. In: Clift PD, Kroon D, Gaedicke C, Craig J, editors. The Tectonic and Climatic Evolution of the Arabian Sea Region. London, UK: Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 147-204.
Mehnert KR (1987). 50 Jahre Granitsforschung. Geologische Rundschau 76: 1-14.
Middlemost EAK (1985). Magmas and Magmatic Rocks. London, UK: Longman.Miller JS, Matzel JEP, Miller CF, Burgess SD, Miller RB (2007). Zircon growth and recycling during the assembly of large, composite arc plutons. J Volcanol Geoth Res 167: 282-299.
Mirnejad H, Lalonde AE, Obeid M, Hassanzadeh J (2013). Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mashhad granitoids: an insight into the geodynamic history of the Paleo- Tethys in northeast of Iran. Lithos 170: 105-116.
Mouthereau F, Lacombe O, Vergés J (2012). Building the Zagros collisional orogen: timing, strain distribution and the dynamics of Arabia/Eurasia plate convergence. Tectonophysics 532: 27-60.
Nicholson KN, Khan M, Mahmood K (2010). Geochemistry of the Chagai-Raskoh Arc, Pakistan: complex arc dynamics spanning the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Lithos 118: 338-348.
Patino Douce AE (1999). What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origins of granitic magmas? In: Castro A, Fernandez C, Vigneresse JL, editors. Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. London, UK: Geological Society Special Publication, pp. 55-75.
Peacock SM (1993). Large-scale hydration of the lithosphere above subducting slabs. Chem Geol 108: 49-59.
Pearce JA (1983). Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: Hawkesworth CJ, Norry MJ, editors. Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Cheshire, UK: Shiva, pp. 230-249.
Pearce JA, Harris NBA, Tindle AE (1984). Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J Petrol 25: 956-983.
Pearce JA, Kempton PD, Nowell GM, Noble SR (1999). Hf-Nd element and isotope perspective on the nature and provenance of mantle and subduction components in arc-basin systems: examples from the western Pacific. J Petrol 40: 15791612.
Pitcher WS (1993). The Nature and Origin of Granite. London, UK: Blackie Academic and Professional.
Ramezani J, Tucker RD (2003). The Saghand region, Central Iran: U-Pb geochronology, petrogenesis and implications for Gondwana tectonics. Am J Sci 303: 622-665.
Rogers G, Hawkesworth CJ (1989). Geochemical traverse across the North Chilean Andes: evidence for crust generation from the mantle wedge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 91: 271-285.
Romick JD, Kay SM, Kay RM (1992). The influence of amphibole fractionation on the evolution of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite tephra from the central Aleutians, Alaska. Contrib Mineral Petr 112: 101-118.
Saadat S, Stern CR (2011). Petrochemistry and genesis of olivine basalts from small monogenetic parasitic cones of Bazman stratovolcano, Makran arc, southeastern Iran. Lithos 125: 607-619.
Saccani E, Delavari M, Beccaluva L, Amini S (2010). Petrological and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Nehbandan ophiolitic complex (eastern Iran): implication for the evolution of the Sistan Ocean. Lithos 117: 209-228.
Sadeghian M, Bouches JL, Nedelec A, Siqueira R, Valizadeh MV (2005). The granite pluton of Zahedan (SE Iran): a petrological and magnetic fabric study of a syntectonic sill emplaced in a transtensional setting. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 301-327.
Sahandi MR, Padashi M (2005). Geological Quadrangle Map of Iran (1:100000 Scale), Sheet 8045 (Bazman). Tehran, Iran: Geology Su r ve y.
Sajona FG, Maury RC, Bellon H, Cotton J, Defant M (1996). High field strength elements of Pliocene-Pleistocene island-arc basalts Zamboanga Peninsula, Western Mindanao (Philippines). J Petrol 37: 693-726.
Schaltegger U, Brack P, Ovtcharova M, Peytcheva I, Schoene B, Stracke A, Marocchi M, Bargossi GM (2009). Zircon and titanite recording 1.5 million years of magma accretion, crystallization and initial cooling in a composite pluton (southern Adamello batholith, northern Italy). Earth Planet Sci Lett 286: 208-218.
Schärer U (1984). The effect of initial 230Th disequilibrium on young U-Pb ages: the Makalu case, Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 67:191-204.
Schärer U, Xu RH, Allergre CJ (1984). U-Pb geochronology of Gangdes (Transhimalaya) Plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet. Earth Planet Sci Lett 69: 311-320.
Schoene B, Crowley JL, Condon D, Schmitz MD, Bowring SA (2006). Reassessing the uranium decay constants for geochronology using ID-TIMS U-Pb data. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 70: 426-445.
Searle MP, Parrish RR, Thow AV, Noble SR, Phillips RJ, Waters DJ (2010). Anatomy, age and evolution of a collisional mountain belt: the Baltoro granite batholith and Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Pakistani Karakoram. J Geol Soc London 167: 183-202.
Şengör AMC (1984). The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia. Geol Soc Am Special Paper 195: 1-82.Shahabpour J (2005). Tectonic evolution of the orogenic belt in the region located between Kerman and Neyriz. J Asian Earth Sci 24: 405-417.
Shahbazi H, Siebel W, Pourmoafee M, Ghorbani M, Sepahi AA, Shang CK, Vousoughi Abedini M (2010). Geochemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Alvand plutonic complex in Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Iran): new evidence for Jurassic magmatism. J Asian Earth Sci 39: 668-683.
Shand SJ (1947). Eruptive Rocks. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Wiley.Sheibi M, Bouchez JL, Esmaeily D, Siqueira R (2011).The Shir-Kuh pluton (Central Iran): magnetic fabric evidences for the coalescence of magma batches during emplacement. J Asian Earth Sci 46: 39-51.
Siddiqui RH, Khan W, Haque M (1986). Petrological and petrochemical study of the north central Chagai Belt and its tectonic implications. Acta Mineralogica Pakistanica 2: 12-23.
Stacey JS, Kramers JD (1975). Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two stage model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26: 207-221.
Stampfli GM, Borel GD (2002). A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons. Earth Planet Sci Lett 196: 17-33.
Stöcklin J (1974). Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: Burk CA, Drake CL. editors. The Geology of Continental Margins. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 873-887.
Stöcklin J (1977). Structural correlation of the Alpine ranges between Iran and Central Asia. Mémoires hors Série de la Société Géologique de France 8: 333-353.
Streckeisen A (1976). To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Sci Rev 12: 1-33.
Tahmasbi Z, Castro A, Khalili M, Ahmadi Khalaji A, De la Rosa J (2010). Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of Astaneh pluton, Zagros orogenic belt, Iran. J Asian Earth Sci 39: 81-96.
Tapponier P, Mattauer M, Proust F, Cassaigneau C (1981). Mesozoic ophiolites, sutures, and large-scale tectonic movement in Afghanistan. Earth Planet Sci Lett 52: 355-371.
Tapponier P, Molnar P (1976). Slip line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics. Nature 264: 319-324.
Tatsumi Y, Hamilton DL, Nesbitt RW (1986). Chemical characteristics of fluid phase released from a subducted lithosphere and origin of arc magmas: evidence from high-pressure experiments and natural rocks. J Volcanol Geoth Res 29: 293-230.
Tirrul R, Bell IR, Griffis RJ, Camp VE (1983). The Sistan Suture Zone of eastern Iran. Geol Soc Am Bull 94: 134-150.
Vahdati Daneshmand F, Berberian M, Jorjandi M (2004). Geological Quadrangle Map of Iran (1:100000 Scale), Sheet 7945 (Maksan). Tehran: Iran: Geology Survey.
Verdel C, Wernicke BP, Hassanzadeh J, Guest B (2011). A Paleogene extensional arc flare-up in Iran. Tectonics 30: TC3008.
Vigneresse JL (1995). Crustal regime of deformation and ascent of granitic magma. Tectonophysics 249: 187-202.
White AJR, Chappell BW (1983). Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia. Geol Soc Am Mem 159: 21-34.
Whitney DL, Evans BW (2010). Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am Mineral 95: 185-187.
Winkler HGF (1965). Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Wyllie PJ (1984). Constraints imposed by experimental petrology on possible and impossible magma source and products. Philos T Roy Soc A 310: 439-456.
Zarrinkoub MH, Pang KN, Chung SL, Khatib MM, Mohammadi S, Chiu HY, Lee HY (2012). Zircon UPb age and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Birjand ophiolite, Sistan suture zone, Eastern Iran. Lithos 154: 392-405.