Iftikhar AHMAD, Farooq AHMAD, Mansoor HAMEED, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel AHMAD, Maryam MARYAM, Muhammad ASHRAF, Ummar IQBAL, Sana FATİMA

Ultrastructural response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines to potential allelopathy of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. leaf extract

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the impact of the allelopathic effect of Alstonia scholaris leaf extract on morphoanatomical and physiological characteristics of 5 wheat lines. Three extract dilutions were prepared, viz. 0 (control), 15 and 30% of the aqueous extract and sprayed on wheat lines (3094, 5066, M5082, 7076 and A2011) at 15-day intervals until maturity from November 2017 to May 2018. All wheat lines responded differently to an allelochemical extract of A. scholaris. Disintegration of root parenchyma and transformation of stem chlorenchyma to sclerenchyma in stems were noted in Line 3094. Increased sclerification in the root cortex (141.7-212.5 mu m) and stem hypodermal region (212.5-354.2 mu m) was recorded in Line 5066. Line M5082 showed intensive sclerification in the root cortex and vascular region, and around stem vascular bundles along with a significant decrease in leaf thickness. Line 7076 was the most sensitive genotype showing significant reduction in the stem (1402.8-821.8 mu m) and root area (963.5791.9 mu m) and leaf thickness (1346.2-396.8 mu m). Line A2011 responded very differently by increasing proportion of parenchyma and sclerenchyma. A low concentration (15%) of allelochemical extract promoted growth and development and a high concentration (30%) was toxic, causing growth retardation and tissue damage.

PDF

___

Abu-Romman S (2011). Allelopathic potential of Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae). World Applied Sciences Journal 15: 947- 952.
Albuquerque MB, Dos Santos RC, Lima LM, De Albuquerque Melo Filho P, Nogueira RJMC et al. (2011). Allelopathy, an alternative tool to improve cropping systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 31: 379-395. doi: 10.1051/agro/2010031
Arioli T, Mattner SW Winberg PC (2015). Applications of seaweed extracts in Australian agriculture: past, present and future. Journal of Applied Phycology 27: 2007-2015.
Arulmozhi S, Mazumder PM, Ashok P, Narayanan LS (2007). Pharmacological activities of Alstonia scholaris Linn. (Apocynaceae)-A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews 1: 163-170.
Aulya NR, Noli ZA, Bakhtiar A (2018). Effect of plant extracts on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 41: 1193-1205.
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM et al. (2003). Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science 301: 1377-1380.
Banerjee N, Pandey AK (2015). Reduction in growth and biological pigments present in Parthenium hysterophorus by the allelopathic leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris. International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences 2: 62-67.
Barkosky RR, Einhellig FA, Butler JL (2000). Caffeic acid-induced changes in plant–water relationships and photosynthesis in leafy spurge Euphorbia esula. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26: 2095-2109.
Bartwal A, Mall R, Lohani P, Guru SK, Arora S et al. (2013). Role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in plant defense against environmental stresses. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 32: 216-232.
Batish DR, Singh HP, Kaur S, Kohli RK (2006). Phytotoxicity of Ageratum conyzoides residues towards growth and nodulation of Cicer arietinum. Agriculture, Ecosystems, Environment 113: 399-401.
Benyas E, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Zehtabsalmasi S, Khatamian Oskooei OS (2010). Allelopathic effects of Xanthium strumarium L. shoot aqueous extract on germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.). Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15: 5223-5228.
Bhadoria P (2011). Allelopathy: a natural way towards weed management. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 1: 7-20.
Blum RWM, Garell D, Hodgman CH, Jorissen TW, Okinow NA et al. (1993). Transition from child-centered to adult health-care systems for adolescents with chronic conditions: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health 14: 570-576.
Bouchagier P, Efthimiadou A, Katsileros A, Bilalis D, Efthimiadis P. (2008). Adverse effect of bermudagrass on physiological and growth components of cotton. Journal of Agronomy 7: 49-55.
Bughio FA, Mangrio SM, Abro SA, Jahangir TM, Bux H. (2013). Physio-morphological responses of native Acacia nilotica to eucalyptus allelopathy. Pakistan Journal of Botany 45: 97-105.
Burgos NR, Talbert RE, Kim KS, Kuk YI (2004). Growth inhibition and root ultrastructure of cucumber seedlings exposed to allelochemicals from rye (Secale cereale). Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 671-689.
Cai XH, Tan QG, Liu YP, Feng T, Du ZZ et al. (2008). A cagemonoterpene indole alkaloid from Alstonia scholaris. Organic Letters 10: 577-580
Chai TT, Ooh KF, Ooi PW, Chue PS, Wong FC (2013). Leucaena leucocephala leachate compromised membrane integrity, respiration and antioxidative defense of water hyacinth leaf tissues. Botanical Studies 54: 1-7.
Channa S, Dar A, Ahmed S (2005). Evaluation of Alstonia scholaris leaves for broncho-vasodilatory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 97: 469-476.
Chon SU, Choi SK, Jung S, Jang HG, Pyo BS et al. (2002). Effects of alfalfa leaf extracts and phenolic allelochemicals on early seedling growth and root morphology of alfalfa and barnyard grass. Crop Protection 21: 1077-1082.
Christensen JH, Bauw G, Welinder KG, Van Montagu M, Boerjan W (1998). Purification and characterization of peroxidases correlated with lignification in poplar xylem. Plant Physiology 118: 125-135.
Coelho EMP, Barbosa MC, Mito MS, Mantovanelli GC, Oliveira RS et al. (2017). The activity of the antioxidant defense system of the weed species Senna obtusifolia L. and its resistance to allelochemical stress. Journal of Chemical Ecology 43: 725-738.
Cruz-Ortega R, Anaya AL, Hernández-Bautista BE, LagunaHernández G (1998). Effects of allelochemical stress produced by Sicyos deppei on seedling root ultrastructure of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cucurbita ficifolia. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24: 2039-2057.
Donaldson LA (2001). Lignification and lignin topochemistry an ultrastructural view. Phytochemistry 57: 859-873.
Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese MLL, Nakamura CV, Mourão KSM, Mangolin CA et al. (2008). Soybean (Glycine max) root lignification induced by ferulic acid. The possible mode of action. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 1230-1241.
Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese MLL, Finger A, Teixeira ACN, FerrareseFilho O (2004). Lignification and related enzymes in Glycine max root growth-inhibition by ferulic acid. Journal of Chemical Ecology 30: 1203-1212.
Duke SO (2003). Ecophysiological aspects of allelopathy. Planta 217: 529-539.
Elansary HO, Skalicka-Woźniak K, King IW (2016). Enhancing stress growth traits as well as phytochemical and antioxidant contents of Spiraea and Pittosporum under seaweed extract treatments. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 105: 310-320.
El-Askary HI, El-Olemy MM, Salama MM, Sleem AA, Amer MH (2012). Bioguided isolation of pentacyclic triterpenes from the leaves of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. growing in Egypt. Natural Product Research 26: 1755-1758.
El-Sahhar KF, Nassar RM, Farag HM (2011). Morphological and anatomical studies of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) II. Anatomical characteristics and volatile oil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5: 56-68.
Emamjamaati A, Hashemloyahn BD, Ataee O, Moghadam RSG (2016). The Effects of different liquid extract of Swallow grass (Cynanchum acutum) on seed germination, anatomical and morphological structures of wheat (Triticum aestivum). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences 5: 509- 515.
Feitoza RBB, Lima HRP, Oliveira EAG, Oliveira DR, Moraes LFD et al. (2018). Structural and ultrastructural variations in roots of Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. treated with phenolic compounds from Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone, Zuloaga and phenolic commercial standards. South African Journal of Botany 116: 142-149.
Gatti AB, Ferreira AG, Arduin M, Perez, SCGA (2010). Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Artistolochia esperanzae O. Kuntze on development of Sesamum indicum L. seedlings. Acta Botanica Brasilica 24: 454-461.
Gniazdowska A, Krasuska U, Andrzejczak O, Soltys D (2015). Allelopathic compounds as oxidative stress agents: YES or NO. In: Gupta K, Igamberdiev A (editors). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communication in plants. Signaling and Communication in Plants, Vol 23. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 155-176.
Hussain MI, Reigosa MJ (2011). Allelochemical stress inhibits growth, leaf water relations, PSII photochemistry, non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, and heat energy dissipation in three C3 perennial species. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 4533-4545.
Inderjit WLA, Duke SO (2005). Challenges, achievements and opportunities in allelopathy research. Journal of Plant Interactions 1: 69-81.
Irshad A, Cheema ZA (2005). Comparative efficacy of sorghum allelopathic potential for controlling barnyardgrass in rice. In: Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Allelopathy, Establishing the Scientific Base; Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. (pp. 21-26.
Javaid A, Shafique S, Bajwa R, Shafique S (2010). Parthenium management through aqueous extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Pakistan Journal of Botany 42: 3651-3657.
Jose S, Gillespie AR (1998). Allelopathy in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) alley cropping. II. Effects of juglone on hydroponically grown corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) growth and physiology. Plant and Soil 203: 199-206.
Khyade MS, Kasote DM, Vaikos NP (2014). Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. and Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G. Don: A comparative review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 153: 1-18.
Lam TBT, Kadoya K, Iiyama K. (2001). Bonding of hydroxycinnamic acids to lignin: ferulic and p-coumaric acids are predominantly linked at the benzyl position of lignin, not the β-position, in grass cell walls. Phytochemistry 57: 987-992.
Macabeo APG, Krohn K, Gehle D, Read RW, Brophy JJ et al. (2005). Indole alkaloids from the leaves of Philippine Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 66: 1158-1162.
Macias FA, Marin D, Oliveros-Bastidas A, Varela RM, Simonet AM et al. (2003). Allelopathy as a new strategy for sustainable ecosystems development. Biological Sciences in Space 17: 18- 23.
Macias FA, Molinillo JM, Varela RM, Galindo JC (2007). Allelopathy-a natural alternative for weed control. Pest Management Science 63: 327-348
Mancuso S, Azzarello E, Mugnai S, Briand X (2006). Marine bioactive substances (IPA extract) improve foliar ion uptake and water stress tolerance in potted Vitis vinifera plants. Advances in Horticultural Science 20: 156-161.
Maqbool N, Wahid A, Farooq M, Cheema ZA, Siddique KHM et al. (2013). Allelopathy and abiotic stress interaction in crop plants. In: Cheema Z, Farooq M, Wahid A (editors). Allelopathy. Berlin, Germany: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 451-468.
Matsuyama M, Hiradate S, Nakatani K, Fujii Y (2000). Developments of new bioassay and analysis method for volatile allelochemicals. Weed Research Japan 45: 80-81.
Naseem M, Aslam M, Ansar M, Azhar M (2009). Allelopathic effects of sunflower water extract on weed control and wheat productivity. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science and Research 15: 107-116.
Novaes P, Imatomi M, Miranda MAFM, Gualtieri SCJ (2013). Phytotoxicity of leaf aqueous extract of Rapanea umbellata (Mart.) Mez (Primulaceae) on weeds. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy 35: 231-239.
Olivoto T, Nardino M, Carvalho IR, Follmann DN, Szareski VJ et al. (2017). Plant secondary metabolites and its dynamical systems of induction in response to environmental factors: a review. African Journal of Agricultural Research 12: 71-84.
Pereira LAR, Pina GO, Silveira CES, Gomes SM, Toledo JL et al. (2017). Effects of Eugenia dysenterica L. extracts on roots and gravitropism of Sesamum indicum L. and Raphanus sativus L. Allelopathy Journal 42: 3-19.
Pina GO, Borghetti F, Silveira CS, Pereira LAR (2009). Effects of Eugenia dysenterica leaf extracts on the growth of sesame and radish. Allelopathy Journal 23: 313-322.
Rashke K, Hedrich R (1985). Simultaneous and independent effects of abscisic acid on stomata and the photosynthetic apparatus in whole plant. Planta 163: 105-118.
Reddy KN (2003). Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow-row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology 17: 28-35.
Rouphael Y, De Micco V, Arena C, Raimondi G, Colla G et al. (2017). Effect of Ecklonia maxima seaweed extract on yield, mineral composition, gas exchange, and leaf anatomy of zucchini squash grown under saline conditions. Journal of Applied Phycology 29: 459-470.
Salim AA, Garson MJ, Craik DJ (2004). New indole alkaloids from the bark of Alstonia scholaris. Journal of Natural Products 67: 1591-1594.
Shafique S, Javaid A, Bajwa R, Shafique S (2007). Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of allelopathic trees on germination and seedborne mycoflora of wheat. Pakistan Journal of Botany 39: 2619-2624.
Shahid M, Ahmad B, Khattak RA, Arif M (2006). Integration of herbicides with aqueous allelopathic extracts for weeds control in wheat. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings 8: 209-212.
Singh A, Singh D, Singh NB (2009). Allelochemical stress produced by aqueous leachate of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Plant Growth Regulation 58: 163-171.
Sodaeizadeh H, Rafieiolhossaini M, Damme PV (2010). Herbicidal activity of a medicinal plant, Peganum harmala L. and decomposition dynamics of its phytotoxins in the soil. Industrial Crops and Products 31: 385-394.
Sultana N, Saleem M (2010). Phytochemical studies on Alstonia scholaris. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 65: 203-210.
Tamak JC, Narwal SS, Singh L, Singh I (1994). Effect of aqueous extracts of rice stubbles and straw+ stubbles on the germination and seedling growth of wheat, oat, beset and lentil. Crop Research 8: 180-185.
Teriz I, Kocaçalişkan I, Benlioglu O, Solak (2003). Effect of juglone of muskmelon seedlings with respect to physiological and anatomical parameters. Biological Plantarum 47: 317-319.
Terzi I (2008). Allelopathic effects of juglone and decomposed walnut leaf juice on muskmelon and cucumber seed germination and seedling growth. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 1870- 1874.
Thankamani V, James J, Veettil AKT, Sagadevan LDM (2011). Phytochemical screening and anti-microbial activity of Alstonia scholaris flowers (L) R. BR. Fam: Apocynaceae. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 3: 172- 178.
Uddin MR, Par SU, Dayan FE, Pyon, JY (2014). Herbicidal activity of formulated sorgoleone, a natural product of sorghum root exudate. Pest Management Science 70: 252-257.
Wang CM, Chen HT, Li TC, Weng JH, Jhan YL et al. (2014). The role of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the allelopathic effects of Alstonia scholaris. Journal of Chemical Ecology 40: 90-98.
Wang F, Ren FC, Liu JK (2009). Alstonic acids A and B, unusual 2, 3-secofernane triterpenoids from Alstonia scholaris. Phytochemistry 70: 650-654.
Wang X, Jiang C, Szeto YT, Li HK, Yam KI et al. (2016). Effects of Dracontomelon duperreanum defoliation extract on Microcystis aeruginosa: physiological and morphological aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 8731-8740.
Weir TL, Park SW, Vivanco JM (2004). Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7: 472-479.
Wardle DA, Karban R, Callaway RM (2011). The ecosystem and evolutionary contexts of allelopathy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 655-662.
Xu C, Leskovar DI (2015). Effects of A. nodosum seaweed extracts on spinach growth, physiology and nutrition value under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae 183: 39-47.
Yamauchi K, Fukushima K (2004). The regulation from guaiacyl to syringyl lignin in the differentiating xylem of Robinia pseudoacacia. Comptes Rendus Biologies 327: 791-797.
Yang QH, Ye WH, Liao FL, Yin XJ (2005). Effects of allelochemicals on seed germination. Chinese Journal of Ecology 24: 1459- 1465.
Yu JQ, Ye SF, Zhang MF, Hu WH (2003). Effects of root exudates and aqueous root extracts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and allelochemicals, on photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31: 129-139.
Zeng RS (2008). Allelopathy in Chinese ancient and modern agriculture. In: Zeng RS, Mallik AU, Luo SM (editors). Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry. New York, NY, USA: Springer New York Press, pp. 39-59.