Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK, Nurbanu GÜRSOY, İlknur DAĞ

Synthesis of intracellular and extracellular gold nanoparticles with a green machine and its antifungal activity

Green synthesis method is being increasingly used in the development of safe, stable, and eco-friendly nanostructures withbiological resources. In this study, extracellular and intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was carried out using greenalgae Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira & R.W. Fresh algae were isolated and identified from Musaözü Pond located in the province ofEskişehir and then extraction process were performed. Optimization studies were studied using pH value, metal salt concentration,and time parameters for extracellular synthesis and using only time parameter for intrasellular synthesis. Since more controlled andoptimum conditions can be achieved in the production of AuNPs by extracellular synthesis, these nanoparticles (NPs) were used forcharacterization and antifungal activity studies. Optical, physical, and chemical properties of synthesized NPs were characterized by UVvisible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zetasizer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform ınfraredspectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), ınductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The optimum conditions for AuNPs synthesis were determined as 1 mM forHauCl4 concentration, 6 for pH value, and 60th min for time. AuNPs obtained from extracellular synthesis from C. sorokiniana extractare 5–15 nm in size and spherical shape. TEM images of extracellular synthesis show noticeable cell wall and membrane damages, cytoplasma dissolutions, and irregularities. AuNPs obtained by intracellular synthesis are in 20–40 nm size and localized in the cell wall andcytoplasm. These NPs exhibited significant antifungal activity against C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. albicans isolates. AuNPs obtainedby algae-mediated green synthesis have a significant potential for medical and industrial use, and this eco-friendly synthesis methodcan be easily scaled for future studies.

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