AZAM JAFARI, LATIFEH POURAKBAR, KHALIL FARHADI, Lida MOHAMMAD GHOLIZAD, YOBERT GOOSTA

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver and copper nanoparticles

There is increasing attention being paid to metallic nanoparticles because of their intensive applications in different areas of science such as medicine, chemistry, agriculture, and biotechnology. In addition, there has been growing interest in using environmentally friendly methods of synthesizing nanoparticles without making or using substances risky to the environment and human health. Biological methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles have been considered as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical synthesis. In the present study, biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) leaf extracts is reported for the first time. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were formed by reduction of CuCl2 with L-ascorbic acid. The antibacterial and antifungal effects of SNPs and CuNPs in comparison with silver nitrate (AgNO3) and copper chloride (CuCl2) (respective nanoparticle constrictive salts) and synthetic antibiotics and fungicides were studied. Fungi (A. flavus and P. chrysogenum) and bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) showed clear hypersensitivity to silver and copper nanoparticles, and the effects of SNPs were more notable than those of CuNPs. Data analysis showed that copper chloride and silver nitrate had a lower inhibitory effect in their nanoparticles, especially against the tested fungi.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Metallic nanoparticles, antifungal, antibacterial, Althaea officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha pulegium, plant extract

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of silver and copper nanoparticles

Keywords:

Metallic nanoparticles, antifungal, antibacterial, Althaea officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha pulegium, plant extract,

PDF

___

Agnihotri S, Mukherji S, Mukherji S (2014). Size-controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range 5–100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficacy. RSC 4: 3974– 3983.
Aitken RJ, Chaudhry MQ, Boxall ABA, Hull M (2006). Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends. Occup Med 56: 300–306.
Akinoglu EM, Morfa AJ, Giersig M (2014). Nanosphere lithography— exploiting self-assembly on the nanoscale for sophisticated nanostructure fabrication. Turk J Phys 38: 563–572.
Ashrafi M, Sarajuoghi M, Mohammadi K, Zarei S (2013). Effect of nanosilver application on agronomic traits of soybean in relation to different fertilizers and weed density in field conditions. EEB 11: 53–58.
Azam A, Ahmed AS, Oves M, Khan MS, Habib SS, Memic A (2012). Antimicrobial activity of metal oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: a comparative study. Int J Nanomedicine 7: 6003–6009.
Cheesbrough M (2000). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 2. 2nd edition. Fakenham, Norfolk, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cubillo EA, Pecharromán C, Aguilar E, Santarén J, Moya JS (2006). Antibacterial activity of copper monodispersed nanoparticles into sepiolite. J Mater Sci 41: 5208–5212.
David E, Elumalai EK, Prasad TNVKV, Venkata K, Nagajyothi PC (2010). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Euphorbia hirta L. and their antifungal activities. J Appl Sci Res 2: 76–81.
Demir E, Kaya N, Kaya B (2014). Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on root meristem cells of Allium cepa by comet assay. Turk J Biol 38: 31–39.
Forough M, Farhadi K (2010). Biological and green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Turkish J Eng Env Sci 34: 281–287.
Grass LRN, Athanassiou EK, Stark WJ (2010). Bottom-up fabrication of metal/metal nanocomposites from nanoparticles of immiscible metals. Chem Mater 22: 155–160.
Hajipour MJ, Fromm KM, Ashkarran AA, de Aberasturi DJ, de Larramendi IR, Rojo T, Serpooshan V, Parak WJ, Mahmoudi M (2012). Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol 30: 499–511.
Jing X, Ye W, Qunji X, Xuedong W (2011). Synthesis of highly stable dispersions of nanosized copper particles using L-ascorbic acid. Green Chem 13: 900–904.
Jo YK, Kim BH, Jung G (2009). Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Dis. 93: 1037– 1043.
Kato H (2011). In vitro assays: tracking nanoparticles inside cells. Nat Nanotechnol 6: 139–140.
Liu J, Qiao SZ, Hu QH, Lu GQ (2011). Magnetic nanocomposites with mesoporous structures: synthesis and applications. Small 7: 425–443.
Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EMV (2010). A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanopart Res 12: 1531– 1551.
Metzler DM, Erdem A, Tseng YH, Huang CP (2012). Responses of algal cells to engineered nanoparticles measured as algal cell population, chlorophyll a, and lipid peroxidation: effect of particle size and type. J Nanotechnol 2012: 1–12.
Mirzajani F, Ghassempour A, Aliahmadi A, Esmaeili MA (2011). Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus. Res. Microbiol 162: 542–549.
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK (2008). Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future applications. J Nanopart Res 10: 507–517.
Nazeruddin GM, Prasad RN, Shaikh YI, Shaikh AA (2014). Synergetic effect of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity. Der Pharmacia Lettre 3: 129–136.
Popescu M, Velea A, Lorinczi A (2010). Biogenic production of nanoparticles. Dig J Nanometers Bios 5: 1035–1040.
Prabhu N, Divya TR, Yamuna GK, Siddiqua AS, Puspha JD (2010). Silver phytho nanoparticles and their antibacterial efficacy. Dig J Nanomater Bios 5: 185–189.
Rezaei-Zarchi S, Imani S, Mohammad Zand A, Saadati M, Zaghari Z (2012). Study of bactericidal properties of carbohydrate- stabilized platinum oxide nanoparticles. Int Nano Lett 2: 40– 45.
Sangiliyandi G, Jae WH, Deug-Nam K, Jin-HK (2014). Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Nanoscale Res Lett 9: 1–17.
Selvaraj KRN, Krishnamoorthi E, Singh BK (2011). Effect of biologically synthesized nanoparticles with plant products and chemotherapeutics against biofilm of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida tropicalis. Int J Pharma Inf J Biotechnol Biother 1: 1–10.
Smetana A, Klabunde K, Marchin G, Sorensen C (2008). Biocidal activity of nanocrystalline silver powders and particles. Langmuir 24: 7457–7464.
Veerasamy R, Xin TZ, Gunasagaran S, Xiang TFW, Yang EFC, Jeyakumar N, Dhanaraj SA (2011). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using mangosteen leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. J Saudi Chem Soc 15: 113–120.
Yasa I, Lkhagvajav N, Koizhaiganova M, Celik E, Sari O (2012). Assessment of antibacterial activity of nanosized Ag doped TiO2 colloids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28: 2531–2539.