Yield, quality, and growing degree days of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)under different agronomic practices
Abstract: Two-year field experiments in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement in triplicate were performed in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons under the Isparta ecological conditions of Turkey. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of sowing dates (15 March, 1 April, 15 April, and 1 May) and row spaces (15, 20, and 25 cm) on seed yield, yield-related traits, essential oil content, chemical composition, and growing degree days (GDD) of anise. The anise population of the study was obtained from Burdur, Turkey. The seed yield and its components, including plant height, number of branches, and number of umbels per plant, decreased due to delayed sowing time in 2013 and 2014. However, the highest essential oil content was obtained from the 15 April sowing date in both years. Among the row spaces, 20- and 25-cm row space resulted in the highest yield, yield components, and essential oil content both in 2013 and 2014. The effect of the sowing date and the row space interactions on seed yield and some yield-related traits of anise was statistically significant in both years. Generally, the yield and its components were higher when the row space was wider, as occurred on 15 March and 1 April, the early sowing dates of both 2013 and 2014. The highest essential oil content was obtained from the 20-cm row space on 15 April, the third sowing date, in both years. The main components of anise essential oil were determined as anisole-p-allyl (1.28%-1.80%), caryophyllene (1.00%-1.30%), and trans-anethole (96.95%-97.57%). Growing degree-days for different sowing dates of anise, from emergence to harvest, were 1413.5-1717.6 °C in 2013 and 1405.5-1686.1 °C in 2014.
Yield, quality, and growing degree days of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)under different agronomic practices
Abstract: Two-year field experiments in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement in triplicate were performed in the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons under the Isparta ecological conditions of Turkey. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of sowing dates (15 March, 1 April, 15 April, and 1 May) and row spaces (15, 20, and 25 cm) on seed yield, yield-related traits, essential oil content, chemical composition, and growing degree days (GDD) of anise. The anise population of the study was obtained from Burdur, Turkey. The seed yield and its components, including plant height, number of branches, and number of umbels per plant, decreased due to delayed sowing time in 2013 and 2014. However, the highest essential oil content was obtained from the 15 April sowing date in both years. Among the row spaces, 20- and 25-cm row space resulted in the highest yield, yield components, and essential oil content both in 2013 and 2014. The effect of the sowing date and the row space interactions on seed yield and some yield-related traits of anise was statistically significant in both years. Generally, the yield and its components were higher when the row space was wider, as occurred on 15 March and 1 April, the early sowing dates of both 2013 and 2014. The highest essential oil content was obtained from the 20-cm row space on 15 April, the third sowing date, in both years. The main components of anise essential oil were determined as anisole-p-allyl (1.28%-1.80%), caryophyllene (1.00%-1.30%), and trans-anethole (96.95%-97.57%). Growing degree-days for different sowing dates of anise, from emergence to harvest, were 1413.5-1717.6 °C in 2013 and 1405.5-1686.1 °C in 2014.
___
- Al-Awak RH (2010). The effect of sowing dates and potassium fertilization on the yield and the quality of the produced essential oil of anise plant (Pimpinella anisum L.). PhD, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
- Aslan N, Gürbüz B, Sarıhan EO, Bayrak A, Gümüşcü A (2004). Variation in essential oil content and composition in Turkish anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) populations. Turk J Agric For 28: 173–177.
- Awad NM, Turky AS, Mazhar AA (2005). Effects of bio-chemical nitrogenous fertilizers on yield of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and biological activities of soil irrigated with agricultural drainage water. Egypt J Soil Sci 45: 265–278.
- Berti MT, Johnson BL (2008). Growth and development of cuphea. Ind Crop Prod 27: 265–271.
- Ceylan A (1996). Medicinal Plants II: Essential Oil Plants. İzmir, Turkey: Ege University Agriculture Faculty Press (in Turkish).
- Cirera I, Garcia M, Curioni A, Arizio O, Alfonso W (2006). Influence of temperature and day length on development rate of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Rev Bras Pl Med 8: 66–70.
- Durmuş E, Yiğit A (1998). Agricultural areas of Turkey. In: Proceedings of the 4th National Geography Symposium, 25– 26 May 2006; Ankara, Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: TÜCAUM, pp. 101–113 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English).
- Edey SN (1977). Growing Degree-Days and Crop Production in Canada. 1st ed. Ottawa, Canada: Agriculture Canada.
- Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Frag J 23: 213–226.
- İncekara F (1971). Industrial Crops and Breeding. İzmir, Turkey: Ege University.
- İpek A, Demirayak S, Gürbüz B (2004). A study on the adaptation of some anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) population to Ankara conditions. J Agr Sci 10: 202–205.
- Maheshwari SK, Gangrade SK, Trivedi KC (1989). Effect of date and method of sowing on grain and oil yield and oil quality of anise. Indian Perfumer 33: 169–173.
- Meena SS, Mehta RS, Lal G, Anwer MM (2012). Effect of agronomic practices on productivity and profitability of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). J Spices Aromatic Crop 21: 102–105.
- Mirshekari B, Hamidi J, Zadeh AR (2011). Phenology and yield of cumin at different sowing dates and planting patterns. J Food Agric Environ 9: 385–387.
- Omidbaigi R (2000). Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Tehran, Iran: Astan Quds.
- Özcan MM, Chalchat JC (2006). Chemical composition and antifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) fruit oil at ripening stage. Ann Microbiol 56: 353–358.
- Randhawa GS, Gill BS, Raychaudhuri SP (1992). Optimising agronomic requirements of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in Punjab. In: Raychaudhuri SP, editor. Recent Advances in Medicinal, Aromatic, and Spice Crops, Vol. 2. New Delhi, India: Today & Tomorrow’s Printers & Publishers, pp. 413–416.
- Rodrigues VM, Rosa PTV, Marques MOM, Petenate AJ, Meireles MAA (2003). Supercritical extraction of essential oil from aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L) using CO2: solubility, kinetics, and composition data. J Agr Food Chem 51: 1518–1523.
- Sadeghi S, Rahnavard A, Ashrafi ZY (2009). Study importance of sowing date and plant density affect on black cumin (Cuminum carvi) yield. Bot Res Int 2: 94–98.
- Sadras VO, Ferreiro M, Gutheim F, Kantolic AG (2000). Desarrollo fenologico y su respuesta a temperatura y fotoperíodo. In: Adrade F, Sadras V, editors. Bases para el Manejo de Maíz, el Girasol y la Soja. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Medica Panamericana, pp. 29–60 (in Spanish).
- Satıbeşe E, Doğan A, Yavaş İ (1994). Effect of storage periods on essential oil composition of anise seed. Gıda 19: 295–299.
- Stein SE (1990). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mass Spectral Database and Software, Version 3.02, Juen USA.
- Tabanca N, Demirci B, Kirimer N, Baser KHC, Bedir E, Khan IA, Wedge DE (2005). Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils from Pimpinella aurea, Pimpinella corymbosa, Pimpinella peregrina and Pimpinella puberula gathered from Eastern and Southern Turkey. J Chromatogr A 1097: 192–198.
- Tunçtürk M, Yıldırım B (2006). Effect of seed rates on yield and yield components of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Indian J Agr Sci 76: 679–681.
- TÜİK (2013). Turkey Statistical Agency. Ankara, Turkey: TÜİK, 2013.
- Ullah H (2012). Fruit yield and quality of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in relation to agronomic and environmental factors. PhD, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
- Ullah H, Honermeier B (2013). Fruit yield, essential oil concentration and composition of three anise cultivars (Pimpinella anisum L.) in relation to sowing date, sowing rate and locations. Ind Crop Prod 42: 489–499.
- Yan F, Beyer EM, Azizi A, Honermeier B (2011). Effect of sowing time and sowing density on fruit yield, essential oil concentration and composition of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) under field conditions in Germany. J Med Spice Plant 16: 26–33.
- Zheljazkov VD, Callahan A, Cantrell CL (2008). Yield and oil composition of 38 basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions grown in Mississippi. J Agr Food Chem 56: 241–245.
- Zolleh H, Bahraminejad S, Maleki G, Papzan AH (2009). Response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) to sowing date and planting density. Res J Agric Biol Sci 5: 597–602.