Osman SÖNMEZ, Salih AYDEMİR, Gary PIERZYNSKI, Cengiz KAYA

The effects of phosphorus addition on phytoavailability of zinc by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) have been used for the assessment of Zn phytoavailability. Phosphorus is of particular interest in soils having Zn toxicity because of the Zn P interaction. A greenhouse study was carried out to assess the influence of different P rates on the Zn phytoavailability to sorghum-Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese) in soil systems by DGT. Soil was amended with ZnSO4 at 0, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg Zn kg 1 in order to create various levels of Zn phytoavailability. Phosphorus was applied to soil at 0, 100, and 200 mg P kg 1 as KH2 PO4 . Plant nutrients were added as Hoagland s solution. In general, plant tissue Zn concentrations were elevated by increasing Zn concentration in soils, and they decreased by increasing P concentrations. However, this reduction was not found in C-DGT results. In other words, DGT did not predict the effects of P additions compared to Zn. P application decreased plant Zn concentrations and increased plant biomass yields. The highest relative yield in shoot tissue was with P200 × Zn150 treatment, while the lowest one was with P0 × Zn1200 treatment. In general, increasing P concentrations in the soil increased shoot yields relative to control, while increasing Zn concentrations decreased the relative shoot yields where no P was added. P addition might be an alternative strategy for remediation of Zn contaminated soil, since addition of P decreased Zn phytoavailability and enhanced plant growth.

PDF

___

Baker LR, Pierzynski GM, Hettiarachchi GM, Scheckel, Newville M (2012). Zinc speciation in proximity to phosphate application points in a lead/zinc smelter- contaminated soil. J Environ Qual 41: 1865-1873.
Bouyoucos GJ (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of the soil. Agron J 43: 434-438.
Cao RX, Ma LQ, Chen M, Singh SP, Harris WG (2003). Phosphateinduced metal immobilization in a contaminated site. Environ Pollution 122: 19-28.
Chaney RL (1993). Zinc phytotoxicity. In Robson AD, editor. Zinc in Soils and Plants. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer, pp. 135-150.
Chen SB, Xu MG, Ma YB, Yang JC (2007). Evaluation of different phosphate amendments on availability of metals in contaminated soil. Ecotox Environ Safe 67: 278-285.
Davison W, Zhang H (1994). In situ speciation measurements of trace components in natural waters using thin-films gels. Nature 367: 546-548.
Degryse F, Smolders E, Zhang H, Davison W (2009). Predicting availability of mineral elements to plants with DGT technique: a review of experimental data and interpretation by modeling. Environ Chem 6: 198-218.
Flints LE, Flint AL (1996). Porosity. In: Duane JH, Topp GC, editors. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4Physical Analyses. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, pp. 241-254.
Friessen DK, Juo ASR, Miller MH (1980). Liming and limephosphorus-zinc interactions in two Nigerian Ultisols. I. Interactions in the soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 44: 1221-1226.
Germa TS, Minhas RS (1987). Zinc and phosphorus interaction in wheat-maize cropping system. Fert Res 13: 77-86.
Hardin SD, Howard DD, Wolt J (1989). Critical soil P of a low-P loess-derived soil as affected by storage temperature. Commun Soil Sic. Plant Anal 20: 1525-1543.
Hettiarachchi GM, Pierzynski GM (2002). In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide: influence of plant growth. J Environ Qual 31: 564-572.
Hooda PS, Zhang H, Davison W, Edwards AC (1999). Measuring bioavailable trace metals by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT): soil moisture effects on its performance in soils. Eur. J Soil Sci 50: 285-295.
Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H (2001). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC.
Lu ZG, Grewal HS, Graham RD (1998). Dry matter production and uptake of zinc and phosphorus in two oilseed rape genotypes under differential rates of zinc and phosphorus supply. J Plant Nutr 21: 25-38.
Marschner H (1991). Root-induced changes in the bioavailability of micronutrients in the rhizosphere. Plant roots. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi K, editors. The Hidden Half. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker, pp. 503-528.
McBride MB, Nibarger EA, Richards BK, Steenhuis T (2003). Trace metal accumulation by red clover grown on sewage sludgeamended soils and correlation to Mehlich 3 and calcium chloride-extractable metals. Soil Sci 168: 29-38.
McGowen SL, Basta NT, Brown GO (2001). Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. J Environ Qual 30: 493-500.
Mortvedt JJ (2000). Bioavailability of micronutrients. In: Chief Sumner ME, editor. Handbook of Soil Science. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC, pp. D71-D86.
Nolan AL, Zhang H, McLaughlin MJ (2005). Prediction of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper availability to wheat in contaminated soils using chemical speciation, diffusive gradient in thin films, extraction, and isotopic dilution techniques. J Environ Qual 34: 496-507.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, and Dean L (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939: 1-19.
Ova EA, Kutman UB, Ozturk L, Cakmak I (2015). High phosphorus supply reduced zinc concentration of wheat in native soil but not in autoclaved or nutrient solution. Plant and Soil 393: 147- 162.
Pierzynski GM, Schwab AP (1993). Bioavailability of zinc, cadmium, and lead in a metal-contaminated alluvial soil. J Environ Qual 22: 247-254.
Shuman LM (1988). Effect of phosphorus level on extractable micronutrients and their distribution among soil fraction. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52: 136-141.
Sonmez O, Pierzynski GM (2005). Assessment of zinc phytoavailability by diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT). Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 934-941.
Sumner ME, Miller WP (1996). Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In: Sparks DL et al., editors. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods. SSSA Book Series No: 5. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Am Soc of Agronomy and Soil Sci Soc of Am Inc. pp. 1201-1230.
Walkley A, Black LA (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37: 29-38.
Wang B, Xie Z, Chen J, Jiang J, Su Q (2008). Effects of field application of phosphate fertilizers on the availability and uptake of lead, zinc and cadmium by cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) in a mining tailing contaminated soil. J Environ Sci 20: 1109-1117.
Zhang H, Lombi E, Smolders E, McGrath S (2004). Kinetics of Zn release in soils and prediction of Zn concentration in plants using DGT. Environ Sci Technol 38: 3608-3613.