Determination of essential oil components, mineral matter, and heavy metal content of Salvia virgata Jacq. grown in culture conditions
Determination of essential oil components, mineral matter, and heavy metal content of Salvia virgata Jacq. grown in culture conditions
Most members of the family Lamiaceae are of considerable importance in areas such as medicine, food, cosmetics, andperfumery, as they are rich in essential oils, aromatic oils, and secondary metabolites. Sage, a member of this family, is the genericname for species of the genus Salvia. The genus Salvia has approximately 900 species worldwide. There are 99 species of the genusSalvia L. in Turkey; 51 of these species are endemic. The local name of S. virgata is “yılancık” or “fatmanaotu” in Turkey, and it is usedfor the treatment of wounds and various skin diseases. In addition, a decoction prepared by using aerial parts of this species is used toprevent blood cancer. In this study, essential oil composition and heavy metal and nutrient element contents (aluminum, cadmium,cobalt, chrome, nickel, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, and sodium) of S. virgata grownin Yozgat, Turkey, under local ecological conditions were determined using standard analytical processes. The essential oil contentin the aerial parts of S. virgata harvested during full flowering was 0.01% (w/w). The principal constituents of the essential oil werepentacosane (20.09%), caryophyllene oxide (6.90%), phytol (6.83%), spathulenol (6.09%), and nonacosane (5.15%). The highest macroand micromineral contents were Ca and K, and Fe and Na, respectively. The accumulated concentrations of the three metals found werelower than the maximum allowed for human consumption without health risks.
___
- Abdali E, Javadi S, Akhgari M, Hosseni S, Dustan D (2017). Chemical
composition and biological properties of Satureja awromanica
Maroofi. Journal of Food Science and Technology 4: 727-734.
doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2512-0
- Akgül A (1993). Baharat Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Ankara, Turkey: Gıda
Teknolojisi Derneği Yayını (in Turkish).
Alizadeh A (2013) Essential oil constituents, antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of Salvia virgata Jacq. from Iran.
Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 16: 172-182. doi:
10.1080/0972060X.2013.793974
- Arslan N, Gürbüz B, Gümüşçü A (2015). Açıklamalı Tıbbi
ve Aromatik Bitkiler Rehberi. Ankara, Turkey: Ankara
Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları (in Turkish).
Babushok VI, Linstrom PJ, Zenkevich IG (2011). Retention indices
for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils.
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 40: 1-47. doi:
10.1063/1.3653552
- Baj T, Sieniawska E, Kowalski R, Wesolowski M, Ulewicz-Magulska
B (2015). Effectiveness of the Deryng and Clevenger-type
apparatus in isolation of various types of components of
essential oil from the Mutelina purpurea Thell. flowers. Acta
Poloniae Pharmaceutica 72: 507-515.
- Baranowska I, Srogi K, Włochowicz A, Szczepanik K (2002).
Determination of heavy metal contents in samples of medicinal
herbs. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 11: 467-471.
- Başaran U, Akkbik M, Mut H, Gülümser E, Çopur Doğrusöz M
et al. (2017). High-performance liquid chromatography
with refractive index detection for the determination of
inulin in chicory roots. Analytical Letters 51: 83-95. doi:
10.1080/00032719.2017.1304952
- Başgel S, Erdemoğlu SB (2005). Determination of mineral and
trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions
consumed in Turkey. Science of the Total Environment 359:
82-89. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.016
- Baydar H (2013). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Bilimi ve Teknolojisi.
Isparta, Turkey: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınları (in
Turkish).
Bayram M, Yılar M, Özgöz E, Kadıoğlu I (2016). Adaçayı (Salvia
virgata Jacq.) tohumlarının bazı fiziksel özelliklerinin
belirlenmesi. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2016: 325-
331 (in Turkish). doi: 10.17100/nevbiltek.05774
- Baytop T (1999). Therapy with Plants in Turkey. İstanbul, Turkey:
İstanbul University Publications.
- Bingol U, Coşge B, İpek A, Gürbüz B, Geven FG (2009).
Identification of essential oil components of Salvia cryptantha
Montbret&Aucher ex Bentham, growing wild in Turkey. Asian
Journal of Chemistry 21: 3836-3840.
- Birkett MA, Al Abassi S, Krober T, Chamberlain K, Hooper AM
et al. (2008). Antiectoparasitic activity of the gum resin,
gum haggar, from the East Africa plant, Commiphora
holtziana. Phytochemistry 69: 1710-1715. doi: 10.1016/j.
phytochem.2008.02.017
- Bruce TJ, Birkett MA, Blande J, Hooper AM, Martin JL et al. (2005).
Response of economically important aphids to components of
Hemizygia petiolata essential oil. Pest Management Science 61:
1115-1121. doi: 10.1002/ps.1102
- Casiglia S, Bruno M, Bramucci M, Quassinti L, Lupidi G et al.
(2017). Kundmannia sicula (L.): a rich source of germacrene
D. Journal of Essential Oil Research 29: 437-442. doi:
10.1080/10412905.2017.1338625
- Chao LK, Hua KF, Hsu HY, Cheng SS, Liu JY et al. (2005). Study
on the anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from leaves of
Cinnamomum osmophloeum. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 53: 7274-7278. doi: 10.1021/jf051151u
- Dghaim R, Al Khatib S, Rasool H, Khan MA (2015). Determination
of heavy metals concentration in traditional herbs
commonly consumed in the United Arab Emirates.
Journal of Environmental and Public Health 4: 1-6. doi:
10.1155/2015/973878
- Doğan M, Pehlivan S, Akaydın G, Bagcı E, Uysal I et al. (2008).
Türkiye’de Yayılış Gösteren Salvia L. (Labiatae) Cinsinin
Taxonomik Revizyonu. Ankara, Turkey: TÜBİTAK Project
No.104 T 450 (in Turkish).
- Durán-Peña MJ, Ares JMB, Hanson JR, Collado IG, HernándezGalán R (2015). Biological activity of natural sesquiterpenoids
containing a gem-dimethylcyclopropane unit. Natural Product
Reports 32: 1236-1248. doi: 10.1039/c5np00024f
- Dweck AC (2000). Sage, the Genus Salvia. Amsterdam, the
Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Er M (2012). Konya’da yetişen bazı Salvia L. (adaçayı) türlerinin
biyokimyasal ve biyoaktif özellikleri. MSc, Konya Selçuk
University, Konya, Turkey (in Turkish).
- Er M, Tugay O, Özcan MM, Ulukuş D, Al-Juhaimi F (2013).
Biochemical properties of some Salvia species. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 185: 5293-5198. doi: 10.1007/
s10661-012-2935-z
- Ergün N, Yolcu H, Karanlık S, Dikkaya E (2010). Amanoslar’da
(Hatay) yetişen bazı bitki türlerinde ağır metal birikimi ve
mineral içerik üzerine bir çalışma. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma
Dergisi 3: 121-127 (in Turkish).
- Esetlili BC, Pekcan T, Çobanoğlu O, Aydoğdu E, Turan S et al. (2014).
Essential plant nutrients and heavy metals concentrations of
some medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Agricultural
Science 20: 239-247. doi: 10.15832/tbd.73408
- Frag RS, Shalaby AS, El-Baroty GA, Ibrahim NA, Ali MA et al.
(2004). Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils
of different Melaleuca species. Phytotherapy Research 18: 30-
35. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1348
- Gezek G, Hashemi P, Kalaycıoğlu Z, Kaygusuz H, Sarıoğlu G et
al. (2019). Evaluation of some Turkish Salvia species by
principal component analysis based on their vitamin B2,
mineral composition, and antioxidant properties. Journal of
Food Science and Technology 100: 287-293. doi: 10.1016/j.
lwt.2018.10.066
- Golparvar AR, Hadipanah A, Gheisari MM, Naderi D, Rahmaniyan S
et al. (2017). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity
of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia virgata Jacq.
Journal of Herbal Drugs 8: 71-78. doi: 10.18869/JHD.2017.71
- Güner A, Aslan S, Ekim T, Vural M, Babaç MT (2012). Türkiye
Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul, Turkey: Nezahat
Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği
Yayını (in Turkish).
- Islam MT (2017). Diterpenes and their derivates as potential
anticancer agents. Phytotherapy Research 31: 691-712. doi:
10.1002/ptr.5800 PMID:28370843
- Kaçar B, İnal A (2010). Plant Analysis. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel
Yayıncılık (in Turkish).
- Karabacak E (2009). Türkiye’nin Avrupa-Sibirya fitocoğrafik
bölgesindeki Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) cinsinin revizyonu. PhD,
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey (in
Turkish).
- Khalil E, Esoh R, Rababah T, Almajwali AM, Aludatt MH (2012).
Minerals, proximate composition and their correlations of
medicinal plants from Jordan. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research 6: 5757-5762. doi: 10.5897/JMPR10.022
- Kiran SR, Devi PS (2007). Evaluation of mosquitocidal activity of
essential oil and sesquiterpenes from leaves of Chloroxylon
swietenia DC. Parasitology Research 101: 413-418. doi:
10.1007/s00436-007-0485-z
- Kızıl S, Hasimi N, Tolan V, Kılınç E, Yüksel U (2010). Mineral
content, essential oil components and biological activity of two
Mentha species (M. piperita L., M. spicata L.). Turkish Journal
of Field Crops 15: 148-153.
- Kostik V, Bauer B (2017). Determination of phytol content in some
vegetables and fruits. In: Proceedings of the MESMAP-3,
Abstract Book, Girne, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,
p. 133.
- Lone MI, Saleem S, Mahmood T, Saifullah K, Hussain G (2003).
Heavy metal contents of vegetables irrigated by sewage/
tubewell water. International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology 5: 533-535.
- Malenčić DR, Jevrešan ŽS, Popović MT (2003). Mineral composition
of selected Salvia species growing wild in the Vojvodina
province. Matica Srpska Proceedings for Natural Sciences 105:
25-33. doi: 10.2298/ZMSPN0305025M
- Mihailovi V, Vukovi N, Niforovi N, Soluji S, Mladenovi M et al.
(2011). Studies on the antimicrobial activity and chemical
composition of the essential oils and alcoholic extracts of
Gentiana asclepiadea L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
5: 1164-1174.
- Moadeli NS, Rowshan V, Abotalebi A (2013). Comparison of the
essential oil components in wild and cultivate population of
Salvia virgata. International Research Journal of Applied and
Basic Sciences 4: 337-340.
- Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M, Changizi S, Vosoughi M (2005).
Essential oil composition of Salvia virgata Jacq. from Iran.
Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 8: 330-333. doi:
10.1080/0972060X.2005.10643461
- Motsara MR, Roy RN (2008). Guide to Laboratory Establishment for
Plant Nutrient Analysis. Rome, Italy: FAO Fertilizer and Plant
Nutrition Bulletin.
- Oke F, Aslım B, Öztürk S, Altundağ S (2009). Essential oil
composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of
Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Food Chemistry 112: 874-879.
- Özcan M (2004a). Determination of mineral contents of Turkish
herbal tea (Salvia aaucheri var. canescens) at different infusion
periods. Journal of Medicinal Food 8: 110-112. doi: 10.1089/
jmf.2005.8.110
- Özcan M (2004b). Mineral contents of some plants used as
condiments in Turkey. Food Chemistry 84: 437-440. doi:
10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00263-2
- Poyraz IE, Koca F (2006). Eskişehir’de yetişen bazı tıbbi Salvia türleri
üzerinde morfolojik araştırmalar. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim
ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7: 443-450 (in Turkish).
- Queralt L, Ovejero M, Carvalho ML, Marques AF, Llabres JM
(2005). Quantitative determination of essential and trace
element content of medicinal plants and their infusions by
XRF and ICP techniques. X-Ray Spectrometry 34: 213-217.
doi: 10.1002/xrs.795.
- Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2011). Influence of abiotic stress
signaling on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling &
Behavior 6: 1720-1731. doi: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17613
- Sahoo HB, Gandre DK, Das PK, Karim MA (2018). Geochemical
mapping of heavy metals around Sukinda-Bhuban area in
Jajpur and Dhenkanal districts of Odisha, India. Environmental
Earth Sciences 34: 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s12665-017-7208-2
- Samejo MQ, Memon S, Bhanger MI, Khan KM (2013). Comparison
of chemical composition of Aerva javanica seed essential oils
obtained by different extraction methods. Pakistan Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 26: 757-760.
- Sarı A, Kürşat M, Civelek S (2012). Determination of MDA levels
in the plant (some Salvia L. taxa growing in Turkey). Journal
of Drug Metabolism and Toxicology 3: 1-2. doi: 10.4172/2157-
7609.1000117
- Sefidkon F, Mirza M (1999). Chemical composition of the essential
oils of two Salvia species from Iran, Salvia virgata Jacq. and
Salvia syriaca L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 14: 45-46. doi:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199901/02)14:13.3.CO;2-J
- Song Y, Cho SK (2015). Phytol induces apoptosis and ROS-mediated
protective autophagy in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS
cells. Biochemistry and Analytical Biochemistry 4: 211. doi:
10.4172/2161- 1009.1000211
- Szentmihályi K, Héthelyi É, Virág V, Then M (2009). Mineral
elements in muscat sage plant (Salvia sclarea L.) and essential
oil. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 53: 35-38.
- Tercan HS, Ayanoğlu F, Bahadırlı NP (2016). Determination of heavy
metal contents and some basic aspects of widely used herbal
teas in Turkey. Revista de Chimie 67: 1019-1022.
- Usami A, Kashimo Y, Marumoto S, Miyazawa M (2013).
Characterization of aroma-active compounds in dry flower of
Malva sylvestris L. by GC-MS-O analysis and OAV calculations.
Journal of Oleo Science 62: 563-570. doi: 10.5650/jos.62.563
- Vermani A, Prabhat N, Chauhan A (2010). Physico-chemical analysis
of ash of some medicinal plants growing in Uttarakhand, India.
Nature and Science 8: 88-91.
- Walia M, Mann TS, Kumar D, Agnihotri VK, Singh B (2012).
Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic activity of
essential oil of leaves of Malus domestica growing in Western
Himalaya (India). Evidence-Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine 2012: 649727. doi: 10.1155/2012/649727
- Yadav A, Joshi A, Kothari SL, Kachhwaha S, Purohit S (2017).
Medicinal, nutritional and industrial applications of Salvia
species: a revisit. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences Review and Research 43: 27-37.
- Yetim H (2002). Enstrümental Gıda Analizleri. Erzurum, Turkey:
Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları (in Turkish).
- Yılar M, Kadıoğlu I, Telci İ (2017). Essential oil compositions of Salvia
virgata Jacq. and Salvia candidissima subsp. candidissima Vahl.
- growing in natural habitats of Tokat province. Turkish Journal
of Weed Science 20: 70-77.
- Yogeswari S, Ramalakshmi S, Neelavathy R, Muthumary J (2012).
Identification and comparative studies of different volatile
fractions from Monochaetia kansensis by GCMS. Global
Journal of Pharmacology 6: 65-71.
- Yu F, Gapor A, Bender W (2005). Evidence for the preventive effect
of the polyunsaturated phytol side chain in tocotrienols on
17β-estradiol epoxidation. Cancer Detection and Prevention
29: 383-388. doi: 10.1016/j.cdp.2005.03.003