Ramis DAYIOĞLU, Yaşar KARADUMAN, Erdinç SAVAŞLI, Oğuz ÖNDER, Didem ÖZEN, Suat ÖZDEMİR, Özgür ATEŞ, Melih ÖZSAYIN

Sulu Şartlar İçin Geliştirilen Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerine Optik Sensör ile Azotlu Gübre Tavsiyesi

Bu çalışma, 2017-2019 yılları arasında Eskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, dört kışlık (Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus ve Nacibey) buğday çeşidinin sulu koşulları altında azot gübrelemesine verdikleri tepkiler, spektral yansımaya dayalı bitki örtüsü indeksleri ve bu endekslerden hesaplanan Mevsimsel Verim Tahminleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla GreenSeekerTM (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah, CA) el tipi sensör kullanılmıştır. Deneme, Tesadüf Bloklarında Faktöriyel deneme deseninde ve 6 farklı 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 ve 20 kg N/da azot oranları kullanılmıştır. Vejetasyon indeksleri (NDVI) Zadoks2.4, Zadoks3,0,Zadoks3,1 ve Zadoks3,2 büyüme dönemlerinde okunmuştur. Zadoks3,0 (sapa kalkma dönemi) en gerçekçi okuma dönemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Sistemin geleneksel çiftçi uygulamaları ile karşılaştırıldığında, 3 deneme ortalamasına göre, yeni sistemin, ilkbahar dönemi azot uygulamalarında 2,8 kg/da daha az N (ZD3,0) ile benzer verimler sağladığı ve ekonomik açıdan ümit verici olduğunu görülmüştür. Sensör uygulamasının çiftçi uygulamasından % 2 daha ekonomik olarak etkin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekonomik azot dozu sırasıyla Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus ve Nacibey 12,6 kg N/da, 14,1 kg N/da, 14,4 kg N/da ve 17,9 kg N/da azot dozu olarakbelirlenmiştir.

A Calibration Study for Sensor-Based In-Season Nitrogen Management of Irrigated Winter Wheat

This study was conducted at Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute in Eskisehir, in 2017-2019 growing seasons. In the study, responses of four winter wheat cultivars (Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey) to nitrogen fertilization under irrigation conditions were compared with vegetation indices based on spectral reflection and In-Season Estimates of Yield calculated from these indices. GreenSeekerTM(NTech Industries,Inc.,Ukiah,CA) hand-held sensor was used for this purpose. The experimental layout were used 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 kg N/da nitrogen rates 2 factor factorial in randomized complete block design in the experiment. Vegetation indices (NDVI) were obtained at growth stagesZadoks2,4, Zadoks3,0, Zadoks3,1 and Zadoks3,2. Zadoks3,0 (stem elongation)was found to be the most realistic reading time. A comparison of the system with traditional farmer applications, based on the average of 3 experiment fields, the new systemwas shown to give similar yields with 2,8 kg/da less N in the spring (ZD3,0), showing its economically promising value. The sensor application is determined to be 2% more economically effective than farmer application. Economic nitrogen dose respectively Atay85,Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey was determined as the nitrogen dose 12,6 kgN/da, 14,1 kgN/ da, 14,4 kg N/da and 17,9 kgN/da.

PDF

___

Anonim,2019 Toprak Mahsülleri OfisiGenel Müdürlüğü. http://www.tmo.gov.tr/Upload/Document/alim/201/2019alimfiyati.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2020)
Baethgen WE, Alley MM 1989. Optimizing soil and fertilizer nitrogen use by ıntensively managed winter wheat. ll. critical levels and optimum rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Agronomy Journal, 81(1):NP-NP.
Bijay-Singh, Varinderpal-Singh, Yadvinder-Singh, Thind, HS, Ajay-Kumar, Satinderpal-Singh, Choudhary OP, Gupta RK, Vashistha M. 2013. Supplementing fertilizer nitrogen application to ırrigated wheat at maximum tillering stage using chlorophyll meter and optical sensor. Agricultural Research, 2(1):81–89, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-013-0053-
Bremner JM. 1965.Nitrogen ed.: c.a.black. in: method of soil analysis. part:ii. chemical and microbiological properties. AgronomySeries. No:9. Agron. Inc. Madison. Wisconsin. USA
Cekic C, Savasli E,Onder O, Dayıoglu R, Gokmen F, Dursun N, Gezgin S. 2008. Bitkilerin azot kullanma etkinliğini artırmada mevsim içi azotlu gübre yönetiminin önemi.4. Ulusal bitki besleme ve gübre kongresi. 8-10 Ekim 2008 Konya. (s. 83).
Demetriades-Shah TH,Steven MD. 1988. High spectral resolution indices for monitoring crop growth and chlorosis. Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium of Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing, 287:299–302.
Franzen D, Kitchen N, Holland K, Schepers J, Raun W. 2016. Algorithms for in-season nutrient management in cereals. Agronomy Journal, 108(5):1775–1781. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.01.0041
Ji R, Ju M, Wang Y, Hu C, Zhang H, Shi W. 2017. In-season yield prediction of cabbage with a hand-held active canopy sensor. Sensors (Switzerland), 17(10):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102287
JMP. 2014.Scintilla-Copyright (C) 1998-2014 by Neil Hodgson;neilh@scintilla.org SAS Institute. JMP 13.0 Users Guide. Carry, NC: Release SAS Institute IncLeghari SJ, Wahocho NA, Laghari GM, Hafee
Laghari A, Mustafa Bhabhan G, Hussain Talpu K, Lashari AA. 2016. Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development : a review. Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(9):209–219.
Melaj MA, Echeverría HE, López SC, Studdert G, Andrade F,Bárbaro NO. 2003. Timing of nitrogen fertilization in wheat under conventional and no-tillage system. Agronomy Journal, 95(6), 1525–1531. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1525
Motaka GN, Parmar SK, Patel RA, Parmar DJ.2016. The determination of economicallyoptimum nitrogen dose in safflower production under dry conditions. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 5(4), 2361–2367. http://www.ijset.net/journal/1167.pdf
Mullen RW, Freeman KW, Raun WR, Johnson GV, Stone ML, Solie JB. 2003.Identifying an in-season response index and the potential to increase wheat yield with nitrogen. Agronomy Journal, 95(2):347–351. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.0347
Peñuelas J, Gamon JA, Griffin KL, Field CB. 1993. Assessing community type, plant biomass, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency of aquatic vegetation from spectral reflectance. Remote Sensing of Environment, 46(2):110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90088-F
Provin TL,Hossner LR. 2001. What happens to nitrogen in soils? Texas A&M AgriLife Extention, 3, 4 pgs.
Raun WR, Solie JB, Johnson GV, Stone ML, Lukina EV, Thomason WE, Schepers JS. 2001. In-season prediction of potential grain yield in winter wheat using canopy reflectance. Agronomy Journal, 93(1):131–138. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.931131x
Raun WR, Solie JB, Stone ML, Martin KL, Freeman KW, Mullen RW, Zhang H, Schepers JS, Johnson GV.2005. Optical sensor-based algorithm for crop nitrogen fertilization. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,36(19–20):2759–2781. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620500303988
Raun WR, Soli, JB, Johnson GV, Stone M, Mullen RW, Freeman K.W, Thomason WE,Lukina EV. 2002. Improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal grain production with optical sensing and variable rate application. Agronomy Journal, Vol. 94(July–August 20):815–820
Savaslı E, Cekic C, Onder O, Dayıoglu R, Camcı H, Celikoglu kosar F, Kose A, Kalaycı HM. 2011. Azotlu gübrelemenin haşhaş tohum, kapsül ve morfin oranları üzerine etkisi. Uluslararası Katılımlı I. Ali Numan Kıraç Tarım Kongresi ve Fuarı, 27-30 Nisan.
Savaslı E, Önder Ö, Çekiç C, Kalaycı HM, Dayıoğlu R, Karaduman K, Gökmen F, Dursun N, Gezgin S, 2018. Sulu şartlarda ekmeklik buğdayda başaklanma döneminde yaprak solüsyon uygulamasının tane protein kapsamı üzerine etkisi. Türk Tarım–Gıda Bilimleri ve Teknoloji Dergisi 6(1): 84-90.
Stone ML, Solie JB, Raun WR, Whitney RW, Taylor SL, Ringer JD.1996. Use of spectral radiance for correcting in-season fertilizer nitrogen deficiencies in winter wheat. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 39(5):1623–1631. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.27678
Weisz R, Crozier CR,Heiniger RW.2001. Optimizing nitrogen application timing in no-till soft red winter wheat. Agronomy Journal, 93(2):435–442.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932435x
Westfall DG, Havlin JL, Hergert GW, Raun WR. 1996. Nitrogen management in dryland cropping systems. Journal of Production Agriculture, 9(2):192–199. https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1996.0192
ZadoksJC, Chang TT, Konzak CF. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals.Weed Res. 14:415–421