Ebru DEMİR, DEMİRCAN ÖZBALCI, Demircan ÖZBALCI

Probiyotiklerin Biyogüvenilirlik Özellikleri “Probiyotikler”

Probiyotikler yeterli miktarda tüketildiğinde sağlık üzerinde birçok fayda sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalar olarak tanımlanır. Laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) süt, et, meyve ve sebze gibi gıdaların doğal florasında bulunmakta ve fermente gıdaların üretiminde kültür olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bakteriler insan ve hayvanların bağırsak, ağız ve deri, üriner sistemin mikrobiyotalarında da bulunurlar ve bu ekosistemlerde faydalı etki gösterebilirler. Bazı Lactobacillus türleri, Bifidobacterium spp., Saccharomyces boulardii ve diğer bazı mikroorganizmalar sağlığa yararlı olmak amacıyla, gıda takviyesi şeklinde probiyotik olarak kullanılmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin, tedavi sürecinde olan hastaların çoğunda yarar sağladığı bilinse de, bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış hastalarda risklerin mevcut olduğu belirtilmektedir. Organ ve immün yetmezliği olan ve gastrointestinal bariyerde bozulmaları bulunan hastalarda probiyotiklerin kullanımının enfeksiyonlara neden olabileceğine dair bulgular giderek artmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin bir tedavi seçeneği olarak kullanılması için olumsuz etkilerinin olmadığının kanıtlarla tespit edilmesi gereklidir. Öncelikle probiyotik olarak kullanılacak LAB’nin tanımlanmasında klasik biyokimyasal testlerin yetkin bir laboratuvarda moleküler yöntemlerle tamamlanması önemlidir. Farklı antibiyotiklere direnç, virülans faktörlerinin varlığı ve biyojenik aminlerin sentezi probiyotik bakterilerin güvenilirliği için öncelikle incelenen parametrelerdir. Probiyotiklerin güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesinde; probiyotik suşun farmakokinetiği ve probiyotik suş ile konakçı arasındaki etkileşimler üzerine çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Probiyotikler için güvenlik ve kullanım protokolleri ile ilgili gerekli standartlar bulunmamaktadır. Probiyotiklerin, bir hastalığın tedavisi veya önlenmesi amacıyla kullanılabilmesi için daha fazla bilgiye ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin olumsuz etki gösterme olasılığını belirleyebilmek için probiyotik kullanımı hakkındaki bilgilerin revizyonu önemlidir.

Biosafety Assessment of Probiotics “Probiotics”

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that provide many health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are found in the natural flora of foods such as milk, meat, fruits and vegetables and are used as culture in the production of fermented foods. These bacteria are also found in the microbiota of the intestines, mouth, skin, urinary systems, both humans and animals and may have a beneficial influence on these ecosystems. Some Lactobacillus species, Bifidobacterium spp., Saccharomyces boulardii, and some other microorganisms have been used as probiotic as food supplement in order to benefit health. Even though probiotics have been proven to have beneficial effects for the majority of patients on treatment, the existence of risks for the immunosuppressed patients has been also reported. There are more evidence that the use of probiotics in patients with organ failure, immuno-compromised status and dysfunctional gut barrier can cause infections. Before considering to use probiotics as a treatment option, it should be totally proven that probiotics have no harmful effect on human. First of all, it is important that classical biochemical tests are completed in a competent laboratory by molecular methods in identification of LAB to be used as a probiotic. Several approaches are possible in the assessment of the probiotic safety; studies on the intrinsic properties, the pharmacokinetics of the probiotic strain and the interactions between the probiotic strain and the host. There are no required standards for safety and protocols for usage of probiotics. More information is needed whether the probiotics can be used for the treatment or prevention of disease. The use of probiotics should also be comprehensively updated to determine their probable negative effects.

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