South Anatolian Red (SAR) and Native Southern Yellow (NSY) cattle are commonly reared in the southern region of Turkey. Although physical characteristics of these significant races that are under protection are similar, it is determined in various studies that they have different racial characteristics. The goal of this study is to evaluate lactation characteristics of two different breeds in the same region. It is observed that NSY milk has higher dry matter (%), fat (%), protein (%), lactose (%), total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (g 100g-1 ) ratios than SAR milk. In the study, eight volatiles (indoles, ketones, terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, alcohols) of the cattle types are researched and analyzed and they are compared during lactation periods. At the end of lactation, esters and carboxylic acids increased in NSY milk, while ketones and aldehydes in SAR milk increased. It is seen that alcohols are the most abundant volatile components found in milk of cattle. On the other hand, it is observed that lactation stages, forage type and botanical diversity affect milk flavor and quality.
___
Amador-Espejo, GG, Gallardo-Chacon JJ, Juan B, Trujillo AJ. 2017. Effect of ultra-high-pressure homogenization at moderate inlet temperatures on volatile profile of milk. J. Food Process Eng. 40(5): e12548. DOI:10.1111/jfpe.12548
Auldist MJ, Walsh BJ, Thomson NA. 1998. Seasonal and lactational influences on bovine milk composition in New Zealand. J. Dairy Res.65: 401-411. PMID:9718493
Baul S, Cziszter LT, Acatincai S, Gavojdian D, Erina S, Marcu A, Buzamat G, Răducan GG. 2014. Seasonal Influences on Milk Yield and Composition Dynamics during a Normal Lactation in Dairy Cows: Milk Yield, Fat and Protein Percentage. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 47 (1): 260-265.
Chen B, Grandison AS, Lewis MJ 2017. Best use for milk – A review. II – Effect of physiological, husbandry and seasonal factors on the physicochemical properties of bovine milk. Int. J.Dairy Technol. 70(2): 155-164. DOI:10.1111/1471-0307.12355
González-Martín I, Hernández-Hierro JM, González-Pérez C, Revilla I, Vivar-Quintana A, Lobos Ortega I. 2014. Potential of near infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of volatile components in cheeses. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 55: 666- 673. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.008
Hayaloglu AA, Cakmakci S, Brechany EY, Deegan KC, McSweeney PLH. 2007. Microbiology, biochemistry and volatile composition of Tulum cheese ripened in goat’s skin or plastic bags. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1102-1121. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71597-7
He J, Vazquez-Landaverde P, Qian MC, Eskin NAM. 2013. Offflavors in milk. In Biochemistry of foods (3rd ed., Vol. 1) San Diego. Elsevier. ISBN: 9780444885586.
Kliem KE, Shingfiel KJ. 2016. Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 118: 1661-1683. DOI: 10.1002/ ejlt.201400543
Nursten HE. 1997. The flavour of milk and dairy products: I. Milk of different kinds, milk powder, butter and cream. Int. J.Dairy Technol. 50:48-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1997. tb01735.x
Prache S, Cornu A, Berdagu´e JL, Priolo A. 2005. Traceability of animal feeding diet in the meat and milk of small ruminants. Small Rumin. Res. 59: 157-168. DOI:10.1017/ S1751731110002296
Reyhan A, Kupeli E, Ergun F. 2004. The biological activity of Centaurea L. species. Gazi University Journal of Science, 17(4): 149-164. ISSN 1303-9709
Rolf FJ. 1993. NTSYS-pc, Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 1.18. New York, Exeter, Setauket. pp:44.
Soysal MI. 2010. Evcil hayvan genetik kaynaklari çeşitliliği tehdit altinda. Accessed 21.05.2018, available at http://site.mynet.com/genkaynaklari/Hazirlar/gen kaynaklari korunmali.html (In Turkish).
Toso B, Procida G, Stefanon B. 2002. Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS. J. Dairy Res. 69: 569-577. DOI:10.017 /S0022029902005782
Tsioulpas A, Lewis MJ, Grandison AS. 2007. Changes in physical properties of bovine milk from the colostrums period to early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 5012-5017. DOI:10.3168/jds.2007-0192
Unalan A. 2007. Gen kaynaklarini koruma projesi (Kilis sigiri: Güney Anadolu Kirmizisi). Accessed 19.03.2018 available at http://www.tarim.gov.tr/Files/Files/e_kutuphane/gkk pkilis sigiri.pdf (In Turkish).
Xu F, Tao WY, Sun J. 2011. Identification of volatile compounds released by myxobacteria Sorangium cellulosum AHB103-1. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 5(4): 353-358. DOI:10.5897/AJMR10.718.
Villeneuve MP, Lebeuf Y, Gervais R, Tremblay GF, Vuillemard JC, Fortin J, Chouinard, PY. 2013. Milk volatile organic compounds and fatty acid profile in cows fed timothy as hay, pasture, or silage. J. Dariy Sci. 96: 7181-7194 DOI:10.3168/jds.2013-6785
Yilmaz O, Akin O, Metin Yener S, Ertugrul M, Wilson RT. 2012. The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: cattle local breeds and types and their conservation status. Anim. Genet. Resour. 50: 65-73. DOI:10.1017/S2078633613000015