Wheat take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has recently been detected in different regions of Iran. With respect to biocontrol effect of Trichoderma spp. on many pathogenic fungi, seven isolates of Trichoderma and four isolates of Talaromyces were in vitro evaluated in terms of their biological control against the disease causal agent. In dual culture test the five isolates showed efficient competition for colonization against pathogenic fungus and the highest percentages of inhibition belonging to Talaromyces flavus 60 and Talaromyces flavus 136 were 59.52 and 57.61%, respectively. Microscopic investigations showed that in regions where antagonistic isolates and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici coincide, hyphal contact, penetration and fragmentation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were observed. Investigating the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds at 10 ml concentration showed that the highest inhibition percentage on mycelium growth of the pathogen caused by T. harzianum (44.76%) and T. longibrachiatum (52.38%) respectively.
___
Abbott WS. 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of insecticide. J. Econ. Ent. 18: 265-267.
Arianpour A. 2011. Investigate the possibility of biocontrol of wheat take-all disease by Trichoderma isolates and Pseoudomonas fluoroescens. Yasouj. University of Yasouj. Dennis C, Webster J. 1971. Antagonism properties of species groups of Trichoderma. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57: 363-369.
Dluzniewska J. 2003. Reaction of fungi of Trichoderma genus to selected abiotic factors. Elec. J. Polish Agr. Uni. Agron. 6: 4-8.
Duffy BK, Simon A, Weller DM. 1996. Combination of Trichoderma koningii with fluorescent pseudomonads for control of take-all on wheat. Phytopathol. 86: 188-194.
Elad Y, Chet I. 1983. Improved selective media for isolation of Trichoderma spp. or Fusarium spp. Phytoparasitica. 11: 55-58.
Fahima T, Henis Y. 1997. Increasing of Trichoderma hamatum and Talaromyces flavus on the Root of safe and unsafe Hosts. Tehran: Research, Education and Extension organization. 0- 85198-637-4.
FAO: 2003. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; [cited 2003 Feb 25]. Available from: http:// www.FAO.org/.
Foroutan A. 2008. Increasing the efficiency of strains Trichoderma harzianum against wheat take all disease by adding seed disinfectant fungicides. In: 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Hamedan, 24-27 Jul. Iran. Pp: 400.
Hashemi SL, Mohammadi S, Basirnia T. 2012. Investigating biological contorl of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. sesami causing wilt and yellowing in Sesamum indicum by various species of Trichoderma in vitro. In: 6th National Confpp:erence on New Ideas in Agriculture. Isfahan, 26-27 Oct. pp: 215.
Heidari Faroughi SH, Etebarian HR, Zamanizadeh HR. 2005. Evaluation of Trichoderma isolates for biological control of Phytophthora drechsleri in glasshouse. J. Appl. Ent. Phytopath. 72: 113-134.
Hermosa MR, Grondona I, Iturriaga EA, Diaz-Minguez JM, Castro C, Monte E, Garcia-Acha I. 2000. Molecular Characterization and Identification of Biocontrol Isolates of Trichoderma spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66: 1890-1898.
Huber DM, McCay-Buis TS. 1993. A multiple component analysis of the take-all disease of cereals. Plant Disease, 77: 437-447.
Inbar J, Chet I. 1995. The role of recognition in the induction of specific chitinases during mycoparasitism by Trichoderma harzianum. J. Microb. 141: 28232829.
Iraqi MM, Rahnama K, Zafari D, Taghinasab M. 2008. Investigating biological control of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, causal agent of Dutch Elm Disease by Trichoderma harzianum and T. virens in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. Natur. Resour. 14: 12-20.
Kucuk C, Kivanc M. 2003. Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and determination of their antifungal, biochemical and physiological features. Turk. J. Biol. 27: 247-253.
Kucuk C, Kivanc M. 2004. In vitro antifungal activity of strains of Trichoderma harzianum. Turk. J. Biol. 28: 111-115.
Little TM, Hills FJ. 1978. Agricultural experimentation design and analysis. New York: John Willey and Sons, Inc. 978-0-471- 02352-4.
Lorito M, Peterbauer C, Hayes CK, Harman GE. 1994. Synergistic interaction between funga1 cell wall degrading enzymes and different antifungal compounds enhances inhibition of spore germination. J. Microb. 140: 623-629.
Maghsoodloo R, Ghorbani nasrabadi RS, Razavi A, Ebrahimi T. 2009. Evaluation of antagonistic bacteria strains Azotobacter against take-all agent under laboratory conditions. In: Paper 18th Iranian Plant Protection. hamedan, 24-27 Jul. Iran. Pp: 389.
Mehrabi Koushki M, Zafari D, Rouhani H, Ghalandar M. 2008. Evaluation the effect of Trichoderma isolates, mustard flour and two commercial biological products in control of wheat take-all disease. J. Agri. Sci. 17: 197-208.
Mohammadi S, Mansoori B, Zamani Zadeh HR. 2010. Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. against Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of chickpea wet root rot disease. Plant Protect. J. 1: 71-85.
Naraghi L, Heydari A, Rezaee S, Razavi M, Afshari-Azad H. 2010a. Biological control of greenhouse cucumber Verticillium wilt disease by Talaromyces flavus. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 49: 321 329.
Naraghi L, Heydari A, Rezaee S, Razavi M, Jahanifar H, Mahmoodi Khaledi E. 2010b. Biological control of tomato Verticillium wilt disease by Talaromyces flavus. J. Plant Prot Res. 50: 360365.
Naraghi L, Heydari A, Rezaee S, Razavi M, Jahanifar H. 2010c. Study on antagonistic effects of Talaromyces flavus on Verticillium albo-atrum, the causal agent of potato wilt disease. J. Crop. Protection. 29: 658662.
Naraghi L, Zareh-Maivan H, Heydari A, Afshari-Azad H. 2007. Investigation of the effect of heating, vesicular arbuscular mycorriza and thermophilic fungs on cotton wilt disease. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 1596-1603.
Vey A, Hoag IRE, Butt TM. 2001. Toxic metabolites of fungal biocontrol agents. In: Butt Jackson C. and Magan N. Fungi as biocontrol agents: Progress, problems and potential. Bristol: CAB International. Pp 311-346. 0-87893-403-0.
Yarham DJ. 1981. Practical Aspects of Epidemiology and Control. In: Asher MJC, Shipton PJ. Biology and Control of Take-all. London: Academic Press; p. 353-384. 0-660-13422-5 1.