İlkay Yavaş, Shafaqat Ali, Zohaib Abbas, Saddam Hussain

Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants: An Overview on Tolerance Mechanisms and Management Strategies

Heavy metals are one of the factors that pollute the environment and significantly affect soil fertility, plant physiology, development, and productivity. The tolerance of plants to toxicity depends on the species and tissue, element type, and duration of exposure to stress. Some special signal molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), beneficial ions, hyperaccumulating plants, stress hormones, nanoparticles, organic compounds, and microbial applications can be recommended to alleviate the stress effects caused by toxic heavy metals in plants. Induction of other promising techniques like seed priming, active involvement of plant growth regulator, use of osmoprotectants, successful plant microbes’ crosstalk and recent utilization of nanoparticles are worth using strategies in mitigation of heavy metal stress in plants. These practices effectively regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes for the alleviation of stress in plants, creditably improving the plant tolerance via preserving cell homeostasis and amending the adversative effects of heavy metal stress in plants. These inventive strategies offer an enriched understanding of how to boost crop productivity under heavy metal stress in order to decrease the risk to global food security.

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Ragab G, Saad-Allah K. 2020. Seed priming with greenly synthesized sulfur nanoparticles enhances antioxidative defense machinery and restricts oxidative injury under manganese stress in Helianthus annuus (L.) seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1-9.
Rai-Kalal P, Jajoo A. 2021. Priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles improves germination and photosynthetic performance in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 160: 341-351.
Ranjan A, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Bauer T, Chauhan A, Jindal T. 2021. Nano-particles Induced Stress and Toxicity in Plants. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 100457.
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Rehmanullah ZM, Inayat N, Majeed A. 2020. Application of Nanoparticles in Agriculture as Fertilizers. New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture, 281.
Rhaman MS, Rauf F, Tania SS, Khatun M. 2020. Seed priming methods: application in field crops and future perspectives. Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 8-19.
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Rademacher W. 2015. Plant growth regulators: backgrounds and uses in plant production. Journal of plant growth regulation, 34(4): 845-872.
Rafique M, Ortas I, Rizwan M, Sultan T, Chaudhary HJ, Işik M, Aydin O. 2019. Effects of Rhizophagus clarus and biochar on growth, photosynthesis, nutrients, and cadmium (Cd) concentration of maize (Zea mays) grown in Cd-spiked soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20): 20689-20700.
Ragab G, Saad-Allah K. 2020. Seed priming with greenly synthesized sulfur nanoparticles enhances antioxidative defense machinery and restricts oxidative injury under manganese stress in Helianthus annuus (L.) seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1-9.
Rai-Kalal P, Jajoo A. 2021. Priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles improves germination and photosynthetic performance in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 160: 341-351.
Ranjan A, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Bauer T, Chauhan A, Jindal T. 2021. Nano-particles Induced Stress and Toxicity in Plants. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 100457.
Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Hussain I, Haider MZ, Kanwal U, Iqbal M. 2014. Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine mitigate cadmium stress in two genetically different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 37(4): 399-406.
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Rehmanullah ZM, Inayat N, Majeed A. 2020. Application of Nanoparticles in Agriculture as Fertilizers. New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture, 281.
Rhaman MS, Rauf F, Tania SS, Khatun M. 2020. Seed priming methods: application in field crops and future perspectives. Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 8-19.
Lin J, Sun M, Su B, Owens G, Chen Z. 2019. Immobilization of cadmium in polluted soils by phytogenic iron oxide nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, 659: 491-498.
Liu H, Timko MP. 2021. Jasmonic Acid Signaling and Molecular Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(6): 2914.
Luo S, Calderón-Urrea A, Yu J, Liao W, Xie J, Lv J, Feng Z, Tang Z. 2020. The role of hydrogen sulfide in plant alleviates heavy metal stress. Plant Soil, 449: 1-10
Ma Y, Rajkumar M, Zhang C, Freitas H. 2016b. Beneficial role of bacterial endo-phytes in heavy metal phytoremediation. J. Environ. Manag, 174: 14e25.
Manzoor N, Ahmed T, Noman M, Shahid M, Nazir MM, Ali L, Alnusaire TS, Li B, Schulin R, Wang G. 2021. Iron oxide nanoparticles ameliorated the cadmium and salinity stresses in wheat plants, facilitating photosynthetic pigments and restricting cadmium uptake. Science of the Total Environment, 769: 145221.
Mishra S, Mishra A, Küpper H. 2017. Protein biochemistry and expression of cadmium/zinc pumping ATPases in the hyperacumulator plants Arabidopsis halleri and Noccaea caerulescens. Front. Plant. Sci, 7, 8: 835.
Moatamed ER, Hussein AA, El-Desoky MM, Khayat ZE. 2019. Comparative study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and its bulk form on liver function of Wistar rat. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 35 (10): 627-637.
Moens M, Branco R, Morais PV. 2020. Arsenic accumulation by a rhizosphere bacterial strain Ochrobactrum tritici reduces rice plant arsenic levels. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36(2): 1-11.
Moulick D, Santra SC, Ghosh D. 2018. Effect of selenium induced seed priming on arsenic accumulation in rice plant and subsequent transmission in human food chain. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 152: 67-77.
Muhammad Z, Inayat N, Majeed A. 2020. Application of nanoparticles in agriculture as fertilizers and pesticides: challenges and opportunities. In: New Frontiers in Stress Management for Durable Agriculture, pp. 281-293. Springer, Singapore.
Nadeem SM, Ahmad M, Zahir ZA, Javaid A. 2014. The role of mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in improving crop productivity under stressful environments. Biotechnol Adv, 32(2): 429-448
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Nazir F, Hussain A, Fariduddin Q. 2019b. Interactive role of epibrassinolide and hydrogen peroxide in regulating stomatal physiology, root morphology, photosynthetic and growth traits in Solanum lycopersicum L. under nickel stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 162: 479-495.
Nemat H, Shah AA, Akram W, Ramzan M, Yasin NA. 2020. Ameliorative effect of co-application of Bradyrhizobium japonicum EI09 and Se to mitigate chromium stress in Capsicum annum L. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 22(13): 1396-1407.
Neysanian M, Iranbakhsh A, Ahmadvand R, Oraghi Ardebili Z, Ebadi M. 2020. Comparative efficacy of selenate and selenium nanoparticles for improving growth, productivity, fruit quality, and postharvest longevity through modifying nutrition, metab-olism, and gene expression in tomato, potential benefits and risk assessment. PloS One, 15(12): e0244207.
Noman M, Shahid M, Ahmed T, Tahir M, Naqqash T, Muhammad S, Song F, Abid HMA, Aslam Z. 2020. Green Copper Nanoparticles drom A Native Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain Alleviated Oxidative Stress Impairment of Wheat Plants by Reducing the Chromium Bioavailability and Increasing the Growth. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 192: 110303.
Nouairi I, Jalali K, Zribi F, Barhoumi F, Zribi K, Mhadhbi H. 2019. Seed priming with calcium chloride improves the photosynthesis performance of faba bean plants subjected to cadmium stress. Photosynthetica, 57(2): 438-445.
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Ong GH, Ho XH, Shamkeeva S, Fernando MS, Shimen A, Wong LS. 2017. Biosorption study of potential fungi for copper remediation from Peninsular Malaysia. Remediat. J, 27: 59- 63
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Pan W, You Y, Shentu JL, Weng YN, Wang ST, Xu QR, Liu HJ, Du ST. 2020. Abscisic acid (ABA)-importing transporter 1 (AIT1) contributes to the inhibition of Cd accumulation via exogenous ABA application in Arabidopsis. Journal of hazardous materials, 391: 122189.
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Pires C, Franco AR, Pereira SIA, Henriques I, Correia A, Magan N, Castro PML. 2017. Metal(loid)-contaminated soils as a source of culturable heterotrophic aerobic bacteria for remediation applications. Geomicrobiol. J. 1-9.
Pramanik K, Mandal S, Banerjee S, Ghosh A, Maiti TK, Mandal NC. 2021. Unraveling the heavy metal resistance and biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas sp. K32 strain facilitating rice seedling growth under Cd stress. Chemosphere, 274: 129819.
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Ragab G, Saad-Allah K. 2020. Seed priming with greenly synthesized sulfur nanoparticles enhances antioxidative defense machinery and restricts oxidative injury under manganese stress in Helianthus annuus (L.) seedlings. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1-9.
Rai-Kalal P, Jajoo A. 2021. Priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles improves germination and photosynthetic performance in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 160: 341-351.
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