___

Abdelqader A, Wollny CBA, Gauly M. 2007. Characterization of local chicken production system and potential under different level of management practice in Jordan. Journal of Tropical animal health and production, 39: 155-164.

Abera M. 2000. Comparative studies on performance and physiological responses of Ethiopian indigenous chicken and their F1 crosses to long-term heat stress. Ph.D Thesis. MartinLuther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Berlin. pp4-5.

Aboe PAT, Boa-Amponsem K, Okantah SA, Butler EA, Dorward PT, Bryant MJ. 2006. Free-range village chickens on the Accra Plains, Ghana: Their husbandry and productivity. Tropical Animal Health and Production 38: 235-248.

Abou-Elewa EM, Enab AA, Abdou FH. 2017. Sexual Maturity of Male Chickens According To Early Response of Semen Collection. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10 (7): 58-63.

Abraham L, Yayneshet T. 2010. Performance of exotic and indigenous poultry breeds managed by smallholder farmers in northern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(7): 29.

Addis G, Malede B. 2014. Effect of gene segregation on existing performance of chicken ecotypes in Ethiopia. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 21: 675-680.

Addisu H, Hailu M, Zewdu W. 2013. Review: Indigenous chickens production system and breeding practice in North Wollo, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science, 3: 433-444.

Addisu H. 2013. Phenotypic characterization of indigenous chicken ecotypes in Northwollo, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Master's thesis, pp87.

Adetayo AS, Babafunso SE. 2001. Comparison of the performance of Nigerian indigenous chickens from three agro-ecological zones. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 13(2): 1-6.

Ajayi FO, Agaviezor BO. 2016. Fertility and Hatchability Performance of Pure and Crossbred Indigenous Chicken Strains in the High Rainforest Zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Livestock Production, 7(12), pp141-144.

Akhtar MUZ. 2005. Egg production performance of different breed/breed combinations of chicken in a semi-scavenging system under PLDP. An MSc. Thesis submitted to the Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark.143.

Alem T. 2014. Production and Reproduction Performance of Rural Poultry in Lowland and Midland Agro-Ecological Zones of Central Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. British Journal of Poultry Sciences, 3: 06-14.

Alemayehu A, Yilma T, Shibeshi Z, Workneh T, 2015. Village Chickens Production Systems in Selected Areas of Benishangul-Gumuz, Western Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 123-132.

Amira EE. 2008. The Relationship between Age at Sexual Maturity and Some Productive Traits in Local Chickens Strain. Egypt Poultry Science, 28 (4): 1253-1263.

Assefa M, Amanuel B, Tekalign T. 2019. Characterization of Village Chicken Production and Husbandry Practices in Dedo District, Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Agriculture Research, 1(1): 13-24.

Awuni JA. 2005. Strategies for the improvement of rural chicken production in Ghana. www.naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/public/ 4-strategies-awuni.pdf (Accessed on 28th March, 2020).

Bogale K. 2008. In situ characterization of local chickens ecotype for functional traits and production system in Fogera district, Amahara regional state. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the department of animal science school of graduate studies, Haramaya University, pp: 107.

Bourzat D, Saunders M. 1990. Improvement of traditional methods of poultry production in Burkina Faso. In Proc CTA seminar, 3 rd International Symposium on poultry production in hot climates, Hameln, Germany, 12 June 1987.

Brhane G, Hailu M, Tikabo G. 2017. On-Farm Productive and Reproductive Performance of Local, Exotic and Crossbred Chickens in Southern Tigray, North Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 7(13): 42-50.

Chiemela PN, Jun HL, Egbu CF, Seung-Hwan L. 2018. Review on the Genetic Potential of Nigerian Local Chickens. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genomics, 2(4): 199-211.

CSA. 2003. Central Statistical Authority, Statistical report on livestock and farm implements, part 4, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. CSA. 2017/18. Central Statistical Authority, Agricultural sample survey. Report on livestock and livestock characteristics volume II. p20-22.

Dankwa D, Nelson FS, Mzamo KB, Oddoye EOK. 2000. A survey of rural poultry management in West Mamprusi and the Ga Districts of Ghana. Ghanaian Journal of Agricultural Science, 33(1): 71-77.

Eugene F. 2004. A longitudinal analysis of chicken production systems of smallholder farmers in Leyte, Philippines. Leyte State University, Leyte, The Philippines.

Ewonetu Kebede Senbeta. 2017. Growth Performance and Rearing Costs of Fayoumi and White Leghorn Chicken Breeds. East African Journal of Sciences, 11 (1): 37-42.

Farooq M, Shoukat K, Asrar M, Shah M, Durrani FR, Asghar A, Faisal S. 2000. Impact of Female Livestock Extension Workers (FLEWs) on rural household chicken production in Mardan division. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 12 (4): 1-6.

Fassill B, Ådnøy T, Gjøen HM, Kathle J, Girma A. 2010. Production Performance of Dual Purpose Crosses of Two Indigenous with Two Exotic Chicken Breeds in Sub-tropical Environment. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 702-710.

Fisseha M, Abera M, Tadelle D. 2010. Assessment of village chickens production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance of local chickens ecotype in Bure district, North West Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5: 1739-1748.

Forment P, Ouste C, Pelletier R, Brillard JP. 2009. Rȏle de L'AMP-activated protein kinase dans l'activitē des cellules de Sertoli de coq immature (Gallus domesticus).Huitimes Journēes de la recherché avicole, St Malo., pp25-26.

Gueye EF. 2003. Poverty alleviation, food security and the wellbeing of the human population through family poultry in low income food-deficit countries. Senegalese Institute of Agricultural research (ISRA), B.P.2057, Dakar-hann, Senegal.

Guni FS, Katule AM, Mwakilembe PAA. 2013. Characterization of local chickens in selected districts of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: II. Production and Morphometric traits. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 25 (11).

Halima H, Neser F, Van Marle-Koster E, De Kock A. 2007. Village-based indigenous chickens production system in north-west Ethiopia. Journal of Tropical Animal Health and Production, 39: 189-197.

Illango J, Etoori A, Olupot H, Mabonga J. 1999 Rural Poultry Production in two agro-ecological zones in Uganda, http://www.iaea.org/nafa/d3/public/12-rural-illango.pdf, Last accessed July 2020.

Johnston SA, Gous RM. 2003. An improved mathematical model of the ovulatory cycle of the laying hen. British Poultry Science, 44: 752–760.

Khalafalla SWH. 2000. Village poultry production in Sudan. Department of micro biology, Faculty of veterinary science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, North Sudan.

Kingori AM, Wachira AM, Tuitoek JK. 2010. Indigenous chicken production in Kenya: A review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(4):309–316.

Kirunda H, Muwereza N, Kasaija DP, Kerfua DS, Jumanyol K. 2010. Infectious and non-infectious factors affecting hatchability in indigenous chickensin Eastern Uganda. Africa Journal of Animal and Biomedical Sciences, 5(3):51-59.

Kitalyi AJ, Mayer A. 1998. Village chicken production systems in rural Africa household food security and gender issues. FAO, Rome.

Kumar N, Zinabu NB, Abebe MS, Habtamu T. 2014. Comparative Study of Performance of Rhode Island Red and Bovans White under Intensive Management in Mekelle, Ethiopia. International Journal of Livestock Research, 4(2): 2277-1964.

Kusina JF, Kusina NT, Mhlanga J. 2000. Poultry production in Mashonaland Central Province: The role and opportunities for women. Integrated Crop-Livestock Production in Smallholder Farming Systems in Zimbabwe. Proceedings of a Review Workshop, Harare, Zimbabwe 10-13 January 2000, pp247-264.

Kyarisiima C, Kugonza DR, Twesigye CK. 2004. The potential role of Ugandan indigenous chicken in poverty alleviation. The Uganda Journal, 50: 85-90.

LayWel. 2006. Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens: a European project. (In particular Work Package 1: Laying hen welfare definitions and indicators. Available from: http://www.laywel.eu.

Letebrhan G, Aberra M, Sandip B, Gebremedhn B. 2015. Characterization of Village Chicken Production System under Traditional Management System in Gantaafeshum District of Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(9).

Mahoro J, Muasya TK, Mbuza F, Habimana R, Kahi AK. 2017. Characterization of indigenous chicken production systems in Rwanda. Poultry Science, 96(12): 4245-4252.

Maphosa T, Kusina J, Kusina NT, Makuza S, Sibanda S. 2004. A monitoring study comparing production of village chickens between communal (Nharira) and small-scale commercial (Lancashire) farming areas in Zimbabwe. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 16(7).

Matawork M, Meseret M, Samuel T. 2019. Productive and reproductive performance of indigenous chickenss in Gena Bossa District of Dawro Zone, Ethiopia. International Journal of Livestock Production, 10(1): 24-32.

Matiwos H, Negassi A, Solomon D. 2013. Production performance of local and exotic breeds of chickens at rural household level in Nole Kabba Woreda, Western Wollega, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(11):1014-1021.

Mekonnen G. 2007. Characterization of the small holder poultry production and marketing systemof dale, wonsho and loka abaya weredas of snnprs. MSc Thesis. Hawassa University, p45.

Melkamu BY, Andarge Z. 2014. Performance Evaluation of Local Chicken At Enebsie Sar Midir Woreda, Eastern Gojjam, Ethiopia. Global Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 1(2):1-8.

Mengesha M, Tamir B, Dessie T, 2008. Socio-economical contribution and labor allocation of village chicken production in Jamma district, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(10).

Minga UM, Katule A, Maeda T, Musasa J. 1989. Potential and problems of the traditional chicken industry in Tanzania. In: proceedings of the 7 th Tanzania Veterinary Association Scientific Conference, pp207-215.

Moges F, Azage T, Dessie T. 2010. Indigenous chicken production and marketing systems in Ethiopia. Characteristics and opportunities for market-oriented development. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 24. Nairobi, Kenya, ILRI, pp5-28.

Moreki JC. 2010. Village poultry production in Serowe-Palapye sub-district of Botswana. Jrl. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 22:5-8.

Mourad M, Bah AS, Gbanamou G. 1997. Productivity and mortality of local Poultry in the plateau of Sankaran Faranah, Guinea, 1993-1994. Revue d Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 50: 343-349.

Mwalusanya NA, Katule AM, Mutayoba SK, Mtambo MMA, Olsen JE, Minga UM. 2002. Productivity of local chickens under village management conditions. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 34: 405-416.

Ndegwa JM, Mead R, Norrish P, Shephered DD, Kimani CW, Wachira AM, Siamba DN. 2014. Investigating eggs hatchability in indigenous chicken system with smallholder farms in Kenya in a participatory research using analysis of variation. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 80:7000-7013.

Ndofor-Foleng HM, Oleforuh-Okoleh V, MusongongGA, Ohageni J, Duru UE. 2015. Evaluation of growth and reproductive traits of Nigerian local chicken and exotic chicken. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 49(2): 155-160.

Nebiyu Y, Berhan T, Kelay B. 2013. Characterization of village chicken production performance under scavenging system in Halaba district of southern Ethiopia thiopian, Veterinary Journal, 17(1): 69-80.

Obike OM, Nwachukwu EN, Ukewulonu IE. 2014. Effect of strain and associations of some fertility and hatchability traits of indigenous guinea fowls raised in the rain-forest zone of South-East Nigeria. Global Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2(7): 098-102.

Olwande PO, Ogara WO, Okuthe SO, Muchemi G, Okoth E, Odindo MO, Adhiambo RF. 2009. Assessing the productivity of indigenous chickens in an extensive management system in Southern Nyanza, Kenya. International journal of Poultry Science, 9(4): 309-316.

Reta D, Negussie D, Alemu Y. 2012. Comparative production performance of two exotic chicken breeds under two different feed regimes in three agro-ecologies of central Oromia, Ethiopia - a step forward for distribution or contract rearing of day old exotic chicks under rural setting. Livestock Research for Rural Development 24 (9).

Reta D. 2009. Understanding the role of indigenous chickens during the long walk to food security in Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(8).

Sakunthaladevi K, Ramesh GB, Gnana PM, Qudratullahi S, Rajasekhar RA. 2011. Genetic analysis of production, reproduction and clutch traits in Japanese Quails. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 7 (3): 126-132.

Schmidt GS, Figueiredo EAP. 2005. Selection for Reproductive Traits in White Egg Stock Using Independent Culling Levels. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 7(4): 231 – 235.

Serkalem A, Aberra M, Sandip B. 2019. Egg Production and Egg Quality Traits of Local and Exotic Chickens Breeds Reared in Two Agroecologies under Traditional Management System. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3(1): 11-17.

Sisay T, Kefeyalew A, Zewdu W. 2017. Population Dynamics and Performance of Exotic versus Indigenous Chickens Population in the Selected Districts of North Western Amhara, Ethiopia. Tropical Drylands, 1(2): 90-99.

Sola-Oja FE, Ayorinde KL. 2011. Evaluation of Reproductive Performance and Egg Quality traits in Progenies of Dominant Black Strain Crossed with Fulani Ecotype Chicken. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(1): 258-265.

Solomon D. 2004. Egg production performance of local and White Leghorn hens under intensive and rural household conditions in Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 16: 491-501.

Solomon Z, Binyam K, Bilatu A, Ferede A. 2013. Village chickens production systems in Metekel zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 256-262.

Sonaiya EB, Branckaert RDS, Gueye EF. 1999. Research and development options for family poultry. First INFPD/FAO electronic conference on family poultry, 7 th December 1998- 5 th March 1999, Berlin, Germany.

Sonaiya EB, Swan SEJ. 2004. Incubation and Hatching, SmallScale Poultry Production Technical Guide, Animal Production and Health, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Ssewannyana E, Ssali A, Kasadha T, Dhikusooka M, Kasoma, Kalema, P. 2004. Characterization of indigenous chickens of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8:137-141.

Tadele A, Melesse A, Taye M. 2018. Phenotypic and morphological characterizations of Indigenous chicken populations in Kaffa Zone, South Western Ethiopia. Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Veterinary Science, 2(1): 1-9.

Tadelle D, Alemu Y, Peters KJ. 2000. Indigenous Chickens in Ethiopia, Genetic Potential and Attempts at Improvement. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 56: 45-54.

Tadelle D, Ogle B. 1996. A survey of village poultry production in the central highlands of Ethiopia. (M.Sc. Thesis) Swedish University of Agricultural Science, pp22. www.fao.org/Ag/AGAInfo/resources/.../frg/.../tadelle.htm, Last accessed October 2019.

Tadelle D, Ogle B. 2001. Village poultry production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 33: 521-537.

Tumova E, Uhlirova L, Tuma R, Chodova D, Machal L. 2017. Age related changes in laying pattern and egg weight of different laying hen genotypes. Animal Reproduction Science, 183: 21-26.

Wambui CC, Njoroge EK, Wasike CB. 2018. Characterization of physical egg qualities in indigenous chicken under free range system of production in Western Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30 (7).

Wilson RT. 1979. Studies on the livestock of Southern Sudan. Production of poultry under simulated traditional conditions. Tropical Animal Health Production, 11: 143-150.

Yadessa ET, Bogale D, Mengistu A, Aleme G, Shiferawu M, Esatu SW, Amare A. 2017. Characterization of smallholder poultry production system in Meshenger, Sheka and BenchiMaji zones of south western Ethiopia. Research Journal of Agricultural Science Research, 5(1): 2360-7874.

Zereu G, Lijalem T. 2016. Production and reproduction performance of local chickens breeds and their marketing practices in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(17): 1531-1537.