İLKAY YAVAŞ, HÜSEYİN NAİL AKGÜL, AYDIN ÜNAY

Bitkilerin Kuraklığa Dayanıklılığını Artırmaya Yönelik Uygulamalar

Terminal kuraklık bitki gelişimini, metabolizmasını olumsuz etkileyen ve verimi sınırlayan en büyük tehdittir. Su stresi bitkilerde morfolojik, fizyolojik ve biyokimyasal birçok değişikliğe neden olmaktadır. Kuraklık stresi bitki boyu, kök uzunluğu, yaprak alanı, taze ve kuru biyokütleyi azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca su stresi nisbi nem içeriğinin azalmasına, stomaların kapanmasına, fotosentez ve klorofil içeriğinin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Antioksidan enzimlerden glutatyon redüktaz (GR), süperoksit dismütaz (SOD), askorbat peroksidaz (ASC), glutatyon (GSH), katalaz (CAT) enzim aktiviteleri ile oksidatif stresin bir göstergesi malondialdehit (MDA) ve prolin seviyeleri de kurak koşullarda değişmektedir. Kurak koşullarda özellikle tane gelişim dönemi öncesi bitki besin elementi alımı gerilediği veya engellendiği için bitki besin elementi uygulaması ve beraberinde mikroelementlerin remobilizasyonu önem taşımaktadır. Osmotik koruyucular (sitokinin, mannitol, absisik asit, prolin, glisinbetain, poliamin vb.) reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS) olumsuz etkilerini ortadan kaldırmakta ve kuraklık stresini iyileştirmektedir. Dışarıdan bitki gelişimini teşvik eden rizobakterilerin (PGPR) uygulanması bitki kök sistemi ile kolonize olarak bitki büyümesini teşvik etmekte ve bitkilerin su stresine dayanıklılığını artırmaktadır. Ayrıca kurak dönemlerde koruyucu toprak işleme sistemi de çiftçiler tarafından kullanılabilir.

The Applications to Increase Drought Tolerance of Plants

Terminal drought is a major threat that adversely affects crop growth and metabolism, and limits the yield. Water stress causes many morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in plants. Plant height, root length, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass are reduced under drought stress. Besides, water stress causes the reduction of relative water content, the closure of stomata and decrease in photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. Antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbat peroxidase (ASC), glutatiton (GSH), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, the indicator of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline levels also changes in drought conditions. Nutrient uptake by plants is prevented or restricted before grain development stage during drought conditions. Therefore the application of plant nutrients followed by micronutrient remobilization within plant is great importance. Osmoprotectants (cytokinin, mannitol, abscisic acid, proline, glycine betaine, polyamine etc.) detoxify adverse effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate drought stress. Exogenous plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application encourage plant growth by colonizing the plant root and increase plants' resistance to water stress. Besides, the farmers can use conservation tillage system in dry periods.

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